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2013 ANATOMY(B)

This presentation provides an overview of the event rules, training materials, and content for the Anatomy & Physiology competition. It covers the structure and function of the nervous system, the digestive system, major disorders, and their treatment and prevention. The presentation also includes information on process skills, divisions of the nervous system, neuron structure, reflex arch, central and peripheral nervous systems, major sense organs, and disorders of the nervous system. It is a comprehensive resource for coaches and students participating in the event.

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2013 ANATOMY(B)

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  1. 2013 ANATOMY(B) Karen LancourPatty Palmietto National Bio Rules National Event Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P

  2. Event Rules – 2013 DISCLAIMER This presentation was prepared using draft rules.  There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules.  The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

  3. Event Rules – 2013 • BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2013 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

  4. TRAINING MATERIALS • Training Power Point – content overview • Training Handout - content information • Sample Tournament – sample problems with key • Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs, and scoring tips • Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.orgunder Event Information • Biology-Earth Science CD, Anatomy/A&P CD (new) as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packetsare available from SO store atwww.soinc.org

  5. ANATOMY Event Content: 2013 BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function) • Nervous System (new) • Digestive System • Major disorders • Treatment and prevention of disorders PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.

  6. Divisions of the Nervous System Brain & Spine Rest of Body

  7. Neuron • Basic functional cell of nervous system • Transmits impulses • Three types • Sensory neurons – bring messages to CNS • Motor neurons -carry messages from CNS • Interneurons – between sensory & motor neurons in the CNS

  8. Neuron • Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it impulses toward the cell body • Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of cytoplasm • Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from cell body • Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer • Myelin sheath – lipid layer around the axon • Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath • Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axon

  9. Impulses • Impulse • Self propagating • Mechanism – Na+ K+ pump • Synapse • Junction between neurons • Neurotransmitters

  10. Synapse • Junction between neurons • The neurons do not actually tough at the synapse • Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2nd neuron

  11. Neurotransmitters • Chemicals in the junction which allow impulses to be started in the second neuron

  12. Reflex Arch

  13. Central Nervous System • Brain • Brain stem – medulla, pons, midbrain • Diencephalon – thalamus & hypothalamus • Cerebellem • Cerebrum • Spine • Spinal Cord

  14. Cerebrum Regions • Lobes of the Cerebrum • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Occipital • Special regions • Broca’s area • Wernicke’s area • Limbic System

  15. Peripheral Nervous System • Cranial nerves • 12 pair • Attached to undersurface of brain • Spinal nerves • 31 pair • Attached to spinal cord

  16. Autonomic Nervous System • Regulates bodies involuntary responses • Two divisions • Sympathetic nervous system • Emergency response • Fight or flight • Parasympathetic nervous system • Normal everyday conditions

  17. Autonomic Nervous System

  18. Major Sense Organs • Vision – Eye • Hearing – Ear • Taste – Taste receptors (new) • Smell – Olfactory system • Skin – Hot, cold, pressure, pain

  19. Eye

  20. Images • the cornea and the lens help to produce the image on the retina • images formed by the lens are upside down and backwards when • they reach the retina

  21. Visual Pathway

  22. Ear

  23. Taste Buds • Chemical Receptors • Sweet • Sour • Bitter • Salty • MSG

  24. Olfactory Receptors • Chemical Receptors • Top of nasal cavity • Extremely sensitive • Easily fatigued • Much of “taste” involves smell

  25. Sensesin Skin • Heat • Cold • Light pressure • Heavy Pressure • Pain

  26. Disorders of the Nervous System • Epilepsy, • Seizures, • Alzheimer’s Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Parkinson’s Disease, • Shingles (herpes zoster), • Cerebral palsy, • Glaucoma, • Pink eye (conjunctivitis) • Symptoms of disorders • Treatments and prevention

  27. Effects of Drugs Effects of drugs on the nervous system • Alcohol • Caffeine • Nicotine • Marijuana

  28. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods extracellular (outside of cell) in digestive canal

  29. BASIC PROCESSES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • INGESTION -- intake of food • DIGESTION – breakdown of food • Mechanical Digestion –physical breakdown • Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers • Absorption--Transport of the products of digestion into the blood • Defecation--Elimination of undigested waste

  30. ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (Mouth to anus) • Mouth - Chewing, Digestion begins • Pharynx - Swallowing • Esophagus - Transports food to stomach • Stomach - Storage of food,Digestion of protein • Small Intestine - Majority of digestion and absorption of food • Large Intestines - Absorption of water, Waste storage • Anus - Elimination of waste

  31. ASCESSORY ORGANS SECRETE FLUIDS INTO DIGESTIVE TRACT • Salivary Glands - Secrete salivary amylase • Liver - Produces bile • Gallbladder - Storage of bile • Pancreas - Secretes pancreatic amylase and other digestive enzymes

  32. MOUTH • Opens to outside to facilitate feeding • Aids in preparation of food for digestion • Foods are broken down mechanically by chewing • Saliva is added as a lubricant from the auxiliary saliva glands • Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that digests starch • Serves as an organ for speech and pleasure • Includes cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth– primary & secondary

  33. TEETH • Incisors (8) – for biting food • Canines (4) - for grasping and tearing food • Bicuspids (8) – for grinding and crushing food • Molars (12) – for grinding food

  34. ESOPHAGUS a simple tube between the mouth and stomach – peristalsis aides in swallowing

  35. STOMACH

  36. STOMACH • Enzyme digestion of proteins initiated • Foods reduced to a liquid form • Walls lined with millions of gastric glands • Several kinds of cells in gastric glands • Very little absorption from stomach – some water, ethanol, drugs as aspirin, and certain ions

  37. SMALL INTESTINE • most of chemical enzymatic digestion occur • almost all nutrients are absorbed • Accessory glands – liver, gall bladder, and pancreas provide secretions to assist with chemical enzymatic digestion

  38. LIVER and GALL BLADDER • Liver: - provides bile salts to the small intestine, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats. • Gallbladder – stores bile

  39. PANCREAS • Pancreas: - provides digestive enzymes to the small intestine which are critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and protein.

  40. LARGE INTESTINES Colon: • liquid residue – mainly water with undigested materal • water is absorbed, • bacterial fermentation takes place • feces are formed. Rectum: collects undigested waste Anus: expels undigested waste – muscles to control exit and prevent leakage.

  41. DIGESTIVE PROCESS • Ingestion – intake of food • Digestion – breakdown of food bit by bit into molecules small enough to be absorbed Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown of food Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers • Absorption – transport of productions into the blood • Elimination (Defecation) - elimination of undigested waste

  42. CHEMICAL DIGESTION • CARBOHYDRATES • PROTEIN • FATS • NUCLEIC ACIDS

  43. Common Disorders of Digestive System • Stomach and duodenal ulcers • Cancers of the digestive system • Diarrhea • Lactose Intolerance • Hepatitis • Crohn’s Disease, GERD, Diverticular Disease, Celiac Disease (National)

  44. Role of Fiber in Digestion • Fiber is found mostly in plant • There are two types – insoluble fiber and soluble fiber • Insoluble fiber is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water • Insoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and softness of waste products • Soluble fiber which can be dissolved in water • Soluble fiber can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time • Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even level • The slow absorption of sugar gives the body an opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels

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