The Ancient Greeks: A Legacy of Democracy and Independence

1. A. The Ancient Greeks 2000- 371 B.C.B. The Greek Heritage750 – 133 B.C. Foundation for America

2. Greek Geography Mountains Islands

3. Mountain Region • Greece is a mountainous peninsula. Because of it’s rugged terrain, only a quarter of the country is fit for farming • Most Greeks made their living by herding of goats or fishing the Mediterranean sea. Some became traders and did business with Greek neighbors • The mountains also limited transportation between the Greek towns which gave the Greeks their fierce independence

4. The Greek Isles • Greece is also made up of many Islands • These Isles gave the Greeks good natural harbor for fishing, commerce, and protection

5. A. Earliest Civilization in the Aegean • The earliest inhabitants of the Greek lands were indo-Europeans known as the Minoans between 2000B.C. AND 1400B.C. • The Minoans made their home on the Island of Crete. • A King ruled these people from his palace-city of Knossos

6. The Minoans • In 1895 British Archeologist Sir Arthur Evans excavated the site of the Palace. • The palace had over 800 rooms yet no defensive walls! • Most of what we know ,we gathered from the Fresco paintings • The Minoan system of writing was made up of pictures and lines called linear A

7. The Achaean Civilization • The next group to come to the Greek isles were the Achaeans. • Another indo-European group • The Achaeans were ruled by a warrior King and quickly conquered • They built on the achievements of the Minoans. • Their writing was called linear B based on the Minoan linear A

8. War lasted for ten years 1250-40 B.C. Scholars learned about the war from the Epic poems the Iliad and The Odyssey written by Homer around 750 B.C. The tragic war began with Paris, the prince of Troy, taking Helena, the Queen of Sparta. King Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon. Send Greek troops to recover the Queen Helena. The Greeks win with the use of a giant horse which allows them entrance to the city. The Trojan War

9. The Greek Dark Age • While the Achaean-Greeks defeated the Trojans, it weakened the Achaeans to the point that the Dorian invaders, with iron weapons, plundered the Greek Isles. • 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. is a time called The Greek Dark Ages

10. The New Greek Army • Military service was the duty of every Male citizen. • By 650 B.C. the chariot was replaced by the Phalanx. As the major force on the battlefield. • The phalanx was a formation of 8 rows of heavily armed foot soldiers,. • Soldiers were expected to take care of their own equipment.

11. The rise of the” The City-State” or POLIS Life revolved around the Acropolis or hill top fortress By the 700’s B.C. a monarchy ruled each polis Athens and Sparta were becoming the leading city-states Government in Ancient Greece

12. Foundations of Democracy • Around 500 B.C. the monarchies were replaced by Aristocracies. • Their wealth came from the ownership of land • Greeks, in search of wealth and adventure began to colonize parts of the Mediterranean close to Greece.

13. In the 6th century, citizen-soldiers supported revolts of the lower class • Many polis were then ruled by one strong man called a tyrant. • The age of the tyrant marked a transition to democracy for the Greek people • Democracy is government by citizens

14. Athenian Citizenship • Only males could be citizens • They had to have served in the Army and defended the city • They had to own property • They had to be married • They had to be born in the polis of citizenship

15. Foundations of Democracy • 621 B.C. Athenians appointed a nobleman by the name of Draco to write a code of laws in order to prevent civil wars • The first laws were harsh like Hammurabi’s code • It also made the laws public and required judges to apply the law equally to all classes

16. Sparta City-State located on the Island of Peloponnesians. Mostly Citizen- Warriors Boys are raised by their Mothers until they are 8. At 8 years, they were turned outside the city to fend for themselves until they were 12 . Mostly, they picked on the Helot farmers that lived outside the city

17. At age 12 they were rounded up, brought back into the city and assigned a barracks. • This is where they would live until they were 55 years old • They were required to marry, but most did not live at home.

18. The Persian Wars 492 – 449 B.C.E. • Colonies in revolt in Asia Minor, belonging to Persia • Battle of Marathon 492 BC (Darius I) (Pheidippeds) • Greek League • Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC (Xerxes/Darius II ) ( Leonidas) • Battle of Salamis 479 BC • Battle of Platea 479 BC • Dalian League • Peace of Callas 449 BC • Persia and Athens sign Peace Treaty

19. The End ! The Ancient Greeks pt I

20. PART B. The Heritage of the Greeks • The Peloponnesian War • Pattern of Greek life • Shaping new views of the world • Alexander “The Great “ Spreading of Greek Culture

21. The Peloponnesian Wars477 – 403 B.C. • 477 BC – Aristides forms Delian League • 451 BC- Series of Economic treaties • 432 BC – Peloponnesian League • 431 BC – Sparta surrounds Athens, Athenian Navy triumphed at sea • Athens overwhelmed with the plague • The war is stalemated for 27 years • 404 BC – Athens surrenders

22. Pattern of Greek Life • Greek Religion Polytheistic • In Greek Mythology, Gods and Goddesses often look and behave just like ordinary people. The difference is that they are more powerful and had eternal life • The Greeks did not fear their gods, but they did not wish to anger them either

23. 6 Greek gods to Know • Zeus- god of the universe • Hades ruler of the underworld • Poseidon- ruled the sea • Hera- goddess of marriage and wife of Zeus • Ares- god of war • Apollo- god of Sun, music, and healing • The Greeks questioned the Oracles who they believed talked to the gods • Each polis had festivals to honor individual gods

24. The Classical World • Classical = Work of enduring excellence or a traditional event. • The Classical Period of development 1000 B.C. --- 800 B.C. • Classical Greek ( Hellenistic) culture 600 B.C.- 200 B.C. • A Classical Period is developed by societies with highly developed political and social institutions where religious and philosophical thought shapes class structure and guides the arts.

25. 3 characteristics of Greek Classical world 1. Rationalism : intellect that uses reason to interpret both the human and natural worlds. It makes humans the measure of all things 2. Humanism = the belief in the triumph of the human sprit 3. Democracy = Government by the citizens

26. Greek Drama and Literature • Greek Drama linked to religion • Thespis, the ancient poet, created the world’s first drama by having people speak different parts during a religious festival • Two Types of Greek Drama A. Tragedies- focused on the suffering of the major character B. Comedies- plays that ridiculed people, ideas, and social custom

27. The Visual Arts • Greek sculptors believed that perfect harmony and proportion existed in nature. • Sculptors portrayed the ideal rather than the real. • The Greeks portrayed the human body in its most beautiful and graceful form • It is Highly Classical , that is, it suggest the “Ideal” • The Greek Ideal emphasized harmony, order, and clarity of form .

28. Shaping New Views of the World • Faith in Human reason : • 6th century, Thinkers called philosophers began to consider new ways to look at the world around them. • They were dissatisfied with traditional ideas of the gods controlling natural events. • By studying the world in a systematic, logical way they were able to make some very important discoveries

29. Greek Philosophers • The first Greek philosopher was a man named Thales. • He concluded that water was the bases of all life. And that the gods were not needed for life to exist. • While Thales was incorrect, his breaking away from traditional thinking was the beginning a scientific approach to thinking

30. The Greek Scientific approach • Pythagoras = discovered the relationship between the length of sides of a triangle. • Hippocrates = urged doctors to maintain high moral standards. “Hippocratic Oath” • The Sophist = “men of wisdom”, were professional teachers who trained rich, ambitious young men in Athens. Sophist believed that success was more important than obedience to laws, They were not interested in ethical standards.

31. The questioning philosopher • Socrates = The questioning philosopher. • Lived in Athens between 469-399 B.C. • Believed that people should be driven by reason in their pursuit of knowledge and truth • “Know thyself” he spent his days teaching on the streets of Athens • Taught using a question and answer method know today as The Socratic method.

32. To the Greeks, History was the understanding of Human behavior Herodotus is the father of modern history, because he was the first to gather and analyze historical evidence Thucydides, improved on Herodotus by only including facts that could be proven. By writing in this manner, he set the example for unbiased reporting Greek Historians

33. The Spread of Greek Culture • Between 403 and 359 B.C. Endless wars weakened the Greek city-states. • Philip II of Macedonia desired to create an alliance between Macedonia and Greece • He hired Greek Generals to train his men in Greek military techniques. • Philip divided the Greeks with Bribery and Threats

34. Born in 356B.C. Educated by Aristotle. Gains the throne when his father is assassinated in336 B.C. Centralizes the government, and takes the Greek Army on a 13 year invasion of the Persians. By 330 B.C. Alexander conquers over 2 million sq. miles June 10, 323 B.C. Alexander dies of Malaria Alexander “The Great”

35. The End of the Empire • 323 – 305 B.C. Civil war breaks out between the Generals • 305 B.C. The empire is divided between 3 generals Ptolemy I …Egypt Seleucus … Mesopotamia and Macedonia Antigonus ….. Greece and Macedonia

36. Alexander's’ lasting Achievement • Alexander took with him thousands of Greeks to colonize the Persian world. • Named or renamed over 70 cities after himself • He encouraged the inner-marring of his soldiers and women of other cultures • He mixed Greek religion with the mystery religions of the Persians

37. THE END OF THE GREEKS