Cadet Phase I & II Aerospace Dimensions Spacecraft (Module 6)

1. Cadet Phase I & IIAerospace DimensionsSpacecraft (Module 6) Session 1: Chapter 1 ‘Unmanned Spacecraft’ Session 2: Chapter 2 ‘Manned Spacecraft’ Session 3: Chapter 3 ‘Living and Working in Space’ (ONLY for all Cadets that have not yet passed corresponding AE test, and Cadet Mentors) Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

2. Unmanned Spacecraft • Satellites - An object that orbits around another • Artificial Satellites - man-made device that orbits around the Earth (or other body) • 1st Artificial Satellite was the Russian ‘Sputnik’ • Several possible uses, such as communications, imaging, navigation, as selected by the user • COMSATs - Communications Satellite, receive, amplify, remove errors and re-broadcast communications signals (e.g. TV Telephone) from one point on the Earth to another • Telstar 1 was the world’s first commercial communications satellite • INTELSAT - International Network of 109 nations with 16 Satellites used for Voice and Television communications • Deep Space Network (DSN) - 3 NASA Satellites dedicated to providing communications service to Deep Space Probes Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

3. Unmanned Spacecraft • NAVSTAR, GPS - Global Positioning System • Constellation of Military/Civilian Satellites that provide for an accurate position fix anywhere on the Earth’s surface with a GPS receiver • Forerunner was ‘Transit’ which provided position information for Polaris Missiles • LANDSAT - Imaging Satellites that are used to monitor the Earth’s surface (Natural Resource Satellites) • Primarily used for Environmental Monitoring, e.g. Crops or Urban Development • Closely related are Weather Satellites which monitor Earth’s atmosphere, e.g. Tiros and GOES • Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) • Special NASA Satellite dedicated to observing the Sun, Visually, X-Ray, Ultraviolet and Gamma Rays LANDSAT GOES Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

4. Unmanned Spacecraft • Space Probes - Similar to Satellites, but intended to travel between Planets, sometimes fly-by or enter orbit, and sometimes to land • Essentially Robot Spacecraft, designed to collect information about distant worlds, and transmit it back to the Earth • Ranger - Explored the Moon prior to the Apollo Missions • Mariner - Explored Venus and Mercury • Pioneer - Explored Jupiter and Saturn • Viking - Explored Mars, including a Lander which touched down on the planet’s surface • Voyager - Explored Jupiter and Saturn Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

5. Unmanned Spacecraft • Satellites as a System - All the parts that make them work, and the environment they must work in: • People - Designers, Manufacturers, Launch Crew, Operators, Customers • Space Environment - Hazardous: Vacuum, Micro-Gravity, Radiation, Solar Energy/Flares, Meteorites/Debris impact, Atmospheric Drag • Sub-Systems - • Structure - the physical body of the satellite, and its protection, • Propulsion - Boosts Satellite into correct orbit AFTER initial Launch, • Attitude Control - Minor position adjustments, • Power - normally electrical power to work onboard systems, • Thermal Control - Protection from Extreme Cold and Heat of Space, • Mission Package - e.g. Imaging, Communications Relay • Command and Control - Data (telemetry) to ground control, control instructions (propulsion, attitude and onboard systems activation/shutdown) • Launch - The Vehicle used to get the satellite into orbit, presently, this is always a rocket Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

6. Unmanned Spacecraft • Orbits and Trajectories • Copernicus’ ‘Heliocentric’ theory - Early theory that the Sun was the center of the Universe, and everything else revolved around it - WRONG! (but a promising start) • Kepler’s 1st Law - ‘The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, with the Sun at the focus’ • Elliptical Orbits - A Satellites Altitude and Velocity vary, and the shape of the orbit can vary considerably, depending on the type of orbit desired • Lowest point is called the Perigee • Highest point is called the Apogee • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation - Explains the gravitational ‘pull’ between bodies • The forces of Gravity always act towards the center of the body, in our case, towards the center of the Earth Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

7. Unmanned Spacecraft • Important Names (Quiz): • Satellite • Orbit • Apogee • Perigee • Sputnik • Comsat • Intelsat • Navstar • Landsat • GOES Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

8. Manned Spacecraft • Project Mercury - America’s first manned space program • 6 manned flights over 2 years • First flight - Lt. Cdr. Alan B. Shepard USN, 15 minute, sub-orbital flight, on a Mercury Redstone • Third flight (now using an Atlas rocket) - Lt. Col John Glenn USMC, 1st to orbit (3 orbits) • Last Flight - Capt. ‘Gordo’ Cooper USAF, 22 orbits • Project Gemini - 2 man capsule, with a more powerful Titan II rocket • 10 flights in total • missions lasted for several days • 1st docking of two spacecraft achieved • invaluable data for ‘long’ duration space-flight Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

9. Manned Spacecraft • Project Apollo - Powerful new ‘Saturn’ rockets intended to ‘put a man on the moon’ • 3 man crew • included Command Module and Lunar Lander • Apollo 1 - terrible disaster killed 3 astronauts • Apollo 11 - July 20th 1969, successfully landed two men on the Moon (Aldrin and Armstrong) while astronaut Collins orbited in the command module • Neil Armstrong was the first to walk on the surface • Apollo 13 - near disaster following an explosion in space, but the crew survived due to incredible skill and ingenuity of both the 3 man crew and the ground support team - they never landed on the Moon, but used their Lander as a ‘Lifeboat’ Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

10. Manned Spacecraft • Project Skylab - manned orbiting Laboratory • launched May 1973 • used Apollo-Saturn equipment • size of a 3 bedroom house • missions lasted up to 84 days • crew of 3 • Proved a crew could survive in space for at least 3 months • Project Apollo-Soyuz - US and Soviet spacecraft docking while in orbit • occurred July 1975 • craft remained docked for 2 days • unprecedented US/Soviet cooperation during Cold War Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

11. Manned Spacecraft • Space Shuttle (Orbiter) - partially reusable, manned US launch system • First flight to space in April 1981, astronauts John Young and Bob Crippen • Combined Liquid and Solid rockets provide propulsion for launch • reentry is un-powered, relying on the aerodynamic shape of the orbiter to glide to a runway landing • Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor have flown in space • Columbia and Challenger were both lost,with the tragic loss of all crewmembers • Discovery deployed the ‘Hubble’ Space Telescope in April 1990 Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

12. Manned Spacecraft • Soviet (Russian) Space Program - main competitor to US Program • Worlds first satellite in space (Sputnik) 1957 • Worlds first man in space (Yuri Gagarin) 1961 • Worlds first space-walk (Alexei Leonov) 1965 • Worlds first space station (Salyut 1) 1971 • Most recent and largest Soviet/Russian space station was Mir, which actually docked with the US Space Shuttle and hosted astronauts from several countries including the US • The workhorse of the Soviet/Russian space program was and is the Soyuz Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

13. Manned Spacecraft • Important Names (Quiz): • Mercury • Gemini • Apollo • Skylab • Apollo-Soyuz • Space Shuttle Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

14. Living and Working in Space • Space Stations - A home and workplace in Space • Salyut and Mir - starting in 1971, the Soviet Union launched a series of Space Stations called ‘Salyut’, with each new station an improvement on the last • Mir replaced Salyut, initially about the same size, but later enlarged with a series of ‘Modules’ • Aestronauts/Cosmonauts from many countries visited Mir, including the United States • Skylab - US Space Station launched in 1993, used mainly for scientific experiments • Spacelab - a Europeanresearch ‘module’ carried in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle, a temporary facility that flew several times Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

15. Living and Working in Space • Living and Working on Space Stations • Microgravity (virtual weightlessness) exists on Space Stations • Normal Air, and Heat inside, so spacesuits are replaced by t-shirts • Sleeping Bags, Toilets, Exercise Machines and a Galley for the Crew • Extravehicular Activities (EVA) - ‘Spacewalking’ outside the station/vehicle • First Spacewalk by Aleksie Leonov in 1965 • Space is a VERY hostile environment • Spacesuits - provide protection, air and heat/cooling • Evolved from suits developed for high altitude pilots • Balance of protection vs flexibility • Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) - • Backpack that allows astronauts to ‘fly’in space outside the Space Shuttle • Developed by NASA, first used in 1984 Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

16. Living and Working in Space • The Future in Space • Space Stations - Bigger, better, collaborative • Alpha (ISS) - International project, started in Nov. 1998 • US and Russia shares responsibility for launching components • US launches and recovers crew (combined US Russian) • Russia provides most resupply flight, emergency escape vehicle, and garbage disposal • Other countries will become steadily more involved, providing modules and crew • Launch Vehicles - Cheaper, Flexible, Reusable • X-37 - Unmanned technology demonstrator,tests ideas for eventual shuttle replacement Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

17. Living and Working in Space • Important Names (Quiz): • Space Station Alpha • Mir • Salyut • Skylab • Spacelab • EVA • MMU • Spacesuit Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing