Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids

1. Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids Reminder: student learning activities are at the end of this power point.

2. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: • MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem. • RST.6‐8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (MS-LS1-6),(MS-LS2-1),(MS-LS2-4) • RI.8.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. (MS-LS2-4) • WHST.6‐8.1 Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. (MS-LS2-4) • 6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. (MS-LS2-5)

3. Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources content Standards Addressed! • BS.02.05. Examine and perform scientific procedures using microbes, DNA, RNA and proteins in a laboratory. • Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess students’ attainment of knowledge and skills related to the above performance indicator. The topics represented by each strand are not all-encompassing. • BS.02.05.01.a. Differentiate types of organisms and demonstrate safe handling to maintain organism purity and personal safety (e.g., plant and animal tissue, cell cultures, microbes, etc.).

4. Bell Work! • Discuss the importance of improved organisms to agriculture. • Identify methods used in agriscience to improve organisms. • Identify breeding systems used in animal science. • Why are crossbreeding and hybrids important financially?

5. Terms: • Hybrid • Hybrid vigor • Crossbreed • Linbreeding • Heterosis • Inbreeding • Genetic • Manipulation • Urbanization

6. Why is improving organisms important to agriculture? • Three main factors driving this goal: • Rising World Population • Urbanization • Fewer people in production agriculture

7. Rising World Population • Life expectancy continues to rise and infant mortality rates continue to drop • All of these people need to eat. • It is the job of agriculture to make sure there is enough food produced.

8. Urbanization • As the world’s population increases, people need places to live, work and play. • The world’s cities continue to grow, swallowing up more and more land that was used for farming. • Because of this, producers are expected to produce more food using less land.

9. Fewer people in production agriculture • Burden of feeding the world on fewer and fewer people. • Average age of the producer is very high. 2013 – Average American Farmer is 58 yrs. Of age. Average Japanese Farmer is 66 yrs. Of age.

10. Hybrid seed • One example of a major breakthrough in organism improvement occurred in the 1930s. Hybridization of corn began! • Hybrids produce 25% to 50% greater yields than traditional corn varieties and are fairly tolerant to varying soil and climatic conditions.

11. Hybrid Livestock • Another example of organism improvement can be found in the animal industry. • Today cattle and hogs can reach market weight several days sooner using less feed. (Feed Efficiency has improved) • Cross bred animals grow faster than pure bred parental stock. This is known as “hybrid vigor”.

12. What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms? • Two major approaches are used: • Controlled breeding • Genetic manipulation.

13. Controlled breeding • Breeding plants or animals to achieve certain characteristics in the offspring. • Considered a natural method of improving plants and animals. • Scientists control the natural breeding process.

14. Kinds of controlled breeding: • Selection • Choosing a few parents with the desired traits with the intent of increasing the amount of desired qualities in the offspring.

15. Kinds of controlled breeding: • Inbreeding • Breeding offspring of the same parents to each other. ( father x daughter, father x granddaughter etc.) • Used to produce a new generation without the introduction of any new genes. Desired result is to compound desirable characteristics.

16. Hybridization • Crossing of two different plants or animals • Combines the traits of different parent strains. • Many hybrids are not able to reproduce.

17. Genetic manipulation • Artificial means of producing desirable traits. • Genes can be moved from one species to another. • Gene splicing is the moving of hereditary characteristics from one organism to another often unrelated organism.

18. What are the different breeding systems used in animal science? • Two basic breeding systems? • Inbreeding • Crossbreeding or outbreeding

19. Inbreeding • Mating of closely related animals. • Mating of these individuals allows for the concentration of genes to make animals more homozygous for all traits.

20. Linebreeding • A specific type of inbreeding is called linebreeding. • Linebreeding is the mating of related animals that are not immediate family members.

21. Crossbreeding or outbreeding • Mating of animals that are not related. • The phenomenon of heterosis is often observed in crossbred animals. • Heterosis or hybrid vigor, is the increase in a performance trait that exceeds the average of the parents.

22. Review / Summary • Discuss the importance of improved organisms to agriculture. • Identify methods used in agriscience to improve organisms. • Identify breeding systems used in animal science.

23. The end! NEXT: Student Learning Activities

24. Student Learning Activities • Sample tests are available in the Lesson Plan tab.

25. Have students group together, assign each group a cross breed of an animal or a plant. Have students research their breed and put together a presentation on it. They should know the history of the breed, what breeds make up the cross breed, what traits the breed has, and any other fun facts about the breed. They can use power point, a poster, or any other props they would like. Then have the students give a 3-5 minute presentation on their breed to the class. Here are some examples of props that they could possibly use.

27. Name: ___________________________ Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids Answer the following questions from the power point. Ether fill in the blank or answer the question with a complete sentence. Why is improving organisms important to agriculture? ________________________________________________________________________ It is the job of agriculture to make sure there is ______________________________________. As the world’s population _____________________, people need places to ______________, ____________________ and ________________________. Why are producers expected to produce more food using less land? ________________________________________________________________________ Average American farmer is ______ years of age. Average Japanese farmer is ______ years of age. What happened in the 1930s that was considered a major breakthrough in organism improvement? _____________________________________________________________________________________

28. Hybrids produce ________% to ________% greater ______________ than traditional corn __________________ and are fairly ____________________ to _____________ soil and _____________________ conditions. What is “hybrid vigor”? ________________________________________________________________________ What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms? ________________________________________________________________________ Breeding _____________ or __________________ to achieve certain __________________ in the __________________________. What is controlled breeding considered and why? ________________________________________________________________________ What is selection? ________________________________________________________________________ What is inbreeding? ________________________________________________________________________

29. What is hybridization? ________________________________________________________________________ Give one example of a hybrid animal. ________________________________________________________________________ What is genetic manipulation? ________________________________________________________________________ Gene splicing is the __________________ of ________________________ characteristics form one _________________ to another often _________________organism. What are the two different breeding systems used in animal science? ________________________________________________________________________ Mating of these individuals allows for the __________________________ of genes to make _______________ more ________________________ for all traits. What is linebreeding? ________________________________________________________________________

30. Linebreeding is the ___________________ of related animals that are not ______________ family members. • The _______________________ of heterosis is often observed in ________________ animals. • Heterosis or _________________________, is the increase in _____________________ trait that _________________ the average of the _____________________.

31. KEY Name: ___________________________ Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids Answer the following questions from the power point. Ether fill in the blank or answer the question with a complete sentence. Why is improving organisms important to agriculture? Improving organisms is important to agriculture because agriculture has to deal with raising world population, urbanization, and fewer people in production agriculture. It is the job of agriculture to make sure there is food produced. As the world’s population increases, people need places to live, work and play. Why are producers expected to produce more food using less land? Producers are expected to produce more food using less land because the world’s cities continue to grow, swallowing up more and more land that was used for farming.

32. Average American farmer is 58 years of age. Average Japanese farmer is 66 years of age. What happened in the 1930s that was considered a major breakthrough in organism improvement? In the 1930s a m major breakthrough in organism imprudent was hybridization of corn began. Hybrids produce 25% to 50% greater yields than traditional corn varieties and are fairly tolerant to varying soil and climatic conditions. What is “hybrid vigor”? Cross bred animals grow faster than pure bred parental stock, this is known as “hybrid vigor”. What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms? The two major methods that are used in agriscience to improve organisms are controlled breeding and genetic manipulation.

33. Breeding plants or animals to achieve certain characteristics in the offspring. What is controlled breeding considered and why? Controlled breeding is considered a natural method of improving plants and animals, because scientists control the natural breeding process. What is selection? Selection is choosing a few parents with the desired traits with the intent of increasing the amount of desired qualities in the offspring. What is inbreeding? Inbreeding is breeding offspring of the same parents to each other. What is hybridization? Hybridization is crossing of two different plants and animals. Give one example of a hybrid animal. One example of a hybrid animal is a maul, which is ½ horse and ½ donkey.

34. What is genetic manipulation? Genetic manipulation is artificial means of producing desirable traits. Genes can be moved from one species to another. Gene splicing is the moving of hereditary characteristics form one organism to another often unrelated organism. What are the two different breeding systems used in animal science? The two different breeding systems used in animal science are inbreeding and crossbreeding or out breeding. Mating of these individuals allows for the concentration of genes to make animals more homozygous for all traits. What is linebreeding? Linebreeding is a specific type of inbreeding. . Linebreeding is the mating of related animals that are not immediate family members.

35. The phenomenon of heterosis is often observed in crossbred animals. • Heterosis or hybrid vigor, is the increase in performance trait that exceeds the average of the parents.

37. KEY