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Starter. Copy the following chart in your notebook on the next even page. Fill in the first column with what you know about scientific theories and scientific laws (if you don’t know anything then fill in the second column with what you wonder or want to learn about scientific theories and laws.

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  1. Starter • Copy the following chart in your notebook on the next even page. Fill in the first column with what you know about scientific theories and scientific laws (if you don’t know anything then fill in the second column with what you wonder or want to learn about scientific theories and laws

  2. Theory vs Hypothesis vs Law

  3. The Cell Theory

  4. Cell Facts • The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!! • It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on the letter “i” • Cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye • Before microscopes were invented, scientists knew very little about cells • p. 95, Fig. 6.2

  5. Microscope Technology • Compound Light Microscopes • Has glass lenses that uses visible light to magnify images • Most commonly used microscopes (what we use) • Electron Microscopes • Transmission Electron Microscope • Passing electrons through a specimen on to a fluorescent screen • Scanning Electron Microscope • Passing electrons OVER a specimen to produce a 3-D image

  6. Discovery of Cells • 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. • He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb • He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi

  7. Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Father of microbiology • Dutch glass grinder who invented first microscope • 1673 - Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms • He called them “animalcules” (now known as protists)

  8. Development of the Cell Theory • 1838 - German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells • 1839 - German physiologist and naturalist, Theodor Schwann, who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells.

  9. Development of the Cell Theory • 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician/botanist/politician, after extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells. • “All cells come from other cells” Omnis cellula e cellulaz • Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants

  10. The Cell Theory • The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete: • 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) • 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) • 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)

  11. Modern Cell Theory • Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to the original Cell Theory: • Cells contains hereditary information (DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division. • All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. • All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells (movement, digestion, etc) • Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell (organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane, etc)

  12. How has the Cell Theory been used? • The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as: • Disease/Health/Medical Research and Cures (AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Stem Cell Research, etc.)

  13. Questions so far? • http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory

  14. Brain Break • Toothpick challenge

  15. Cell Surface Area to Volume • As the cell size decreases, the surface area to volume ratio is GREATER • The greater the surface area to volume ratio, the more efficient the cell

  16. Prokaryotic Unicellular No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Ex. Bacteria Eukaryotic Uni or multicellular Membrane-bound nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Ex. Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals 2 Main Types of Cells

  17. Prokaryotic Cells (p. 518)

  18. Eukaryotic Cells (p. 192) • Protists, Fungi, Plant, & Animal

  19. Plant Cells Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Central Vacuole No lysosomes No centrioles Animal Cells No Cell Wall No Chloroplasts No Large Central Vacuole Lysosomes Centrioles Plant vs. Animal Cells (see p. 192)

  20. All cells have: Cytoplasm Fluid material that helps support the cell Plasma Membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell Ribosomes Helps to make proteins (site of protein synthesis) Genetic Information DNA or RNA Cell Organelles

  21. Get out a new piece of paper: “Cell Organelle Notes” For each organelle we review: List the name It’s function (what is does) Which type(s) of cells have it (Prokaryotic, Plant, and/or Animal) You will be tested on these on CAKE DAY!! You must know this to pass & eat cake!

  22. All cells have:1. Plasma (Cell) Membrane • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • SEMIpermeable • Made of phospholipids & proteins

  23. Cytoplasm Jelly-like material that holds organelles in place and provides structure to the cell Cytoskeleton Inside of the cytoplasm Provides support to the cell Anchors the organelles in place All cells have: 2. Cytoplasm

  24. Ribosomes Help manufacture (make) proteins Made of 2 parts: RNA and protein Some ribosomes float freely in cytoplasm Others attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum ~> Rough ER All cells have: 3. Ribosomes

  25. 4. Nucleus Contains the DNA Directs the cell on what to do Surrounded by a double membrane for protection Nucleolus Inside the nucleus Makes ribosomes Nucleoplasm Inside the nucleus Like cytoplasm of the nucleus Nuclear Pores Allow substance to move in and out of the nucleus Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  26. So far: • Notes #1-4 (Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Nucleus) • Name, Function, AND cell types! • Coloring Books and Chart WITH functions • Cell Membrane, Nucleoplasm, Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Nucleolus, Nuclear membrane • Packet Questions • #1-15

  27. 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum System of folded sacs & connected channels that help make proteins and lipids 2 types Smooth (no ribosomes) Rough (has ribosomes) Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  28. 6. Golgi Apparatus Stacks of membranes that receive, sort, modify, package, & transport proteins and other materials into vesicles Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  29. 7. Vacuoles Storage of materials and water VERY large and central in the plant cell (helps plant regulate water uptake & loss) 8. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes to break down materials Mostly in Animal Cells Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  30. 9. Mitochondria Convert fuel (sugars, etc) into energy Folded inner membrane allows for LOTS of surface area so cells get LOTS of energy Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  31. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles • 10. Chloroplasts • In plant & protist cells • Capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy (sugar) by a process called photosynthesis

  32. 11. Cell Wall Thick, rigid fibers that protect plant, fungal, and SOME protist and bacterial cells Also provide structure and support Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  33. 12. Centrioles Made of microtubules and help animal cells and some protists with cell division by providing support and structure Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  34. 13. Cilia Short projections that help with movement and feeding Found in some animal, protist, and prokaryotic cells 14. Flagella Longer projections that help with movement Some animal, plant, protist, and prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

  35. PLEASE SEE the diagrams on p. 192!! PLEASE see chart p. 199!! PLEASE READ p. 200 VERY CAREFULLY Be able to explain how the cellular organelles help the whole cell to maintain homeostasis Questions about organelles? PLEASE come to tutorial!! Things to remember…

  36. The Cell Cake Project • Get into your groups and assemble your cake according the guidelines I gave you • STUDY your organelles & their functions • When everyone in your group KNOWS every organelle, call me over and I will quiz EACH person in the group. If someone answers incorrectly, I will leave. Call me back when you are ready to try again. • When everyone in your group passes, you may eat! • Passing = a 100% for a project grade!  • Eating before passing = 0 for the whole group

  37. Turn to page 192 of your textbook. Clean your table and wash your hands. You are to design a model cell using the materials you provided. In order to get credit for this project, each person in your group must be able to tell me about the cell. This includes the functions of the organelles. DO NOT eat anything until you have received your grade, or your grade will be a zero. • Your model should have the following organelles: • Nucleus – Reece’s • Ribosomes (free) – Nerds • Rough ER – Twizzlers and Nerds • Smooth ER – Twizzlers • Golgi apparatus – Airheads • Mitochondrion – Circus peanuts • Centrioles – Jelly beans • Lysosomes – M&Ms

  38. The Plasma Membrane

  39. Functions of the Cell Membrane • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • “Selective Permeability”

  40. Structure of the Cell Membrane • Mostly Made of Lipids • “Phospholipid Bilayer” • Polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) heads • Nonpolar, hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails • Proteins, cholesterols, & carbohydrate chains located throughout cell membrane • PLEASE see diagram p. 188!!

  41. “Phospholipid Bilayer”

  42. Fluid-Mosaic Model: Proteins, Carbohydrates, & Lipids make the Cell Membrane • Proteins • Receptor Proteins • Sends messages to the inside of the cell • Transport Proteins • Move substances in and out of the cell • Carbohydrates • Cell identity ~ helps tell cells apart from one another • Cholesterol • Helps cell to maintain flexibility

  43. Passive Transport Transport across the cell membrane that DOES NOT require energy Active Transport Transport across the cell membrane that DOES require energy Cellular Transport

  44. Diffusion Movement of particles across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration until both sides are equal (dynamic equilibrium) Concentration gradient Facilitated Diffusion Requires the help of transport proteins when molecules are too large to diffuse through the membrane Cellular Transport: Passive Transport

  45. Osmosis Diffusion of WATER Water moves in the direction of higher solute concentration in order to dilute it until both sides are equal The solute does not move! Cellular Transport: Passive Transport

  46. Isotonic Solution Same concentration on both sides Water moves in and out of cell at the same rate Hypertonic Solution Concentration of solute outside the cell is HIGHER than inside the cell Water moves OUT of cell Hypotonic Solution Concentration of solute outside the cell is LOWER than inside the cell Water moves INTO cell Cellular Transport: Passive Transport: Osmosis

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