Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical forcing: a new paradigm for ENSO

1. Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical forcing: a new paradigm for ENSO Pascal Terray, 2010 R98229029 陳漢卿

2. Numerous studies have documented the significant influence of ENSO on climate variability in the Southern hemisphere. (Karoly 1989; Kidson and Renwick 2002; Trenberth et al. 2002; Carleton 2003) • Some indicate that ENSO are influenced by Antarctic Circumpolar Wave(ACW) or the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). (Van Loon and Shea 1987; Peterson and White 1998; White et al. 2002; White and Annis 2004)

4. The associated EOF modes can be regarded as the regional expression of a global-scale Southern Hemisphere mode of variability.

7. Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Surface latent heat, Cloudiness, wind-induced mixing

9. Kelvin wave

11. Sets the stage for deep convection by destabilizing the vertical structure of the atmosphere (e.g. due to the increased vertical temperature gradient) • Decreasing the value of surface boundary layer moisture required for the convection to occur over the western equatorial Pacific