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Participatory Modeling Methodology on the Geospatial Web

Participatory Modeling Methodology on the Geospatial Web. Timothy (Tim) Nyerges, Ph.D. Department of Geography University of Washington Seattle, Washington USA based on invited lecture given May 3, 2011 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Outline.

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Participatory Modeling Methodology on the Geospatial Web

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  1. Participatory Modeling Methodology on the Geospatial Web Timothy (Tim) Nyerges, Ph.D. Department of Geography University of Washington Seattle, Washington USA based on invited lecture given May 3, 2011 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

  2. Outline • What is the GeoWeb and how do we characterize it as the convergence of realms such as Spatial Data Infrastructure, Online Participatory GIS, Volunteer Geographic Information? • How might we couple architectures for the GeoWeb, e.g. using service-oriented architecture? • What is and how might we make use of Participatory Modeling Methodology? • What are some future directions for Geospatial Information Services?

  3. GeoWeb Realmsof GIScience & Technology • Spatial Data Infrastructure (circa 1990) • Online Participatory GIS (circa 1999) • Volunteer Geographic Information (circa 2005) Look at a brief overview of these realms…

  4. Motivation within realms • SDI - increase data sharing • OPGIS - broaden public governance and community voice • VGI – enhance distributed information collection All involve values, interests, and concerns, but perhaps from different perspectives…

  5. US NSDI Spatial Data Infrastructure, e.g. three levels • 12 Federal Agencies – geoplatform.gov • 50 States (National States Geographic Information Councils) • Regional (e.g. Washington State Geographic Data Archive)

  6. http://www.geoplatform.gov

  7. About the Geospatial Platform • Federal agencies and their partners collect and manage large amounts of geospatial data - but these data are often not easily found when needed or accessible in useful forms. The Geospatial Platform provides ready access to federally maintained geospatial data, services and applications. The content of all datasets and services demarcated with the Data.gov globe have been verified by the Agency to be consistent with Federal privacy, national security, and information quality policies. As an additional service to our users, we also provide access to data from our partners across State, Tribal, Regional and local governments as well as non-governmental organizations.

  8. US Federal SDI – current architecture Jerry Johnston, US EPA, presentation to NGAC “Status Update: Geospatial Platform” http://www.fgdc.gov/ngac/meetings/march-2011/intergovernmental-subcommittee-update.pptx

  9. US Federal SDI – next architecture Jerry Johnston, US EPA, presentation to NGAC “Status Update: Geospatial Platform” http://www.fgdc.gov/ngac/meetings/march-2011/intergovernmental-subcommittee-update.pptx

  10. US – States SDI LevelNational State Geographic Information Councils GeoSpatial One-Stop Nodes; Metadata only http://wa-node.gis.washington.edu/geoportal/

  11. Regional SDI levelWashington State Geospatial Data Archive (WAGDA) 1.0

  12. Acquiring Data • Data Access • Multiple services in development ● supported - ○ unverified - (blank) not supported - (grey) not preferred 15

  13. OPGIS • Online Participatory GIS • Widespread growth since 1999

  14. OPGIS Niches

  15. OPGIS example Support provided by the National Science Foundation Grant No. EIA 0325916, funded through the Information Technology Research Program, and managed in the Digital Government Program.

  16. VGI • Volunteer Geographic Information • Wide array of developments since 2005

  17. VGI Mashups and Real-time feeds SMS

  18. VGI - balloon sensor launch

  19. Balloon trajectory

  20. Volunteer Geographic Informationaccuracy comparison of geocoded addresses

  21. Synthesis across SDI-OPGIS-VGIWhat is being valued? • SDI – people interested in efficient, effective, and equitable access to data • OPGIS – people interested in stakeholder public values, goals, and concerns • VGI – people interested in personal values, goals, concerns about what is important Is their a convergence of “value” in light of geospatial information technology?

  22. Shared interests?Common values? All realms… • Engage participants • Enable participants • Structure participation …as human-computer-human interaction …for data, information, evidence, and knowledge production on the GeoWeb

  23. Coupling SDI-OPGIS-VGIS enables distributed and participatory GeoDesign • GeoDesign – geography by design (Steinitz 2011) • For example, a regional stormwater runoff monitoring network to better understand and act upon non-point source pollution • GeoDesign can enable large-scale participatory monitoring designs using GIS • GeoDesign as sustainability management requires SDI, OPGIS, and VGI resources configured into regional enterprise GIS also called consortium of GIS

  24. 2. Coupling SDI-OPGIS-VGIS • What architecture design(s) might help us couple SDI-OPGIS-VGI resources? • Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an approach proposed by many • SOA – a collection of protocols and components for getting service resources to work together • SOA infrastructure connects… • Consumer services: User interface clients • Producer services: Data and software capabilities

  25. Esri example of integration platform http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/geospatial-soa.pdf

  26. Expansion of SOA Infrastructure, by example, for coupling SDI-OPGIS-VGI http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/geospatial-soa.pdf

  27. Methodology Helps Guide Coupling of SDI-OPGIS-VGIS Resources • Coupling among three technology realms is a complex choice problem • Need systematic approach to help guide coupling strategies • Participatory Modeling Methodology brings diverse perspectives into play

  28. 3. Participatory Modeling Methodology(PMM) • Approach that links system development, system use, and system evaluation to improve outcomes from systems. • Participatory interaction modeling explores the science of interaction design • Participatory interaction designs are intended to structure participation, while incorporating motivation and technology

  29. What, Why, and How of Coupling? • What resources are to be coupled? • Why are resources to be couple? • How are resources to be coupled?

  30. A Framework for Participatory Interaction Modeling What coupling is needed? 1 Cyber-System Development Improve development artifacts Monitor event logs of online activity How is coupling performing? Why is coupling needed? 2 Cyber-System Use 3 Cyber-System Evaluation Create and calibrate activity models three roles in human-computer-human interaction:(1) developer, (2) user, (3) analyst

  31. Three domains anchor the GeoWeb design loop 1) Cyber-Systems development incorporate participatory technologies 2) Cyber-Systems use by participants address pervasive complex problems 3) Cyber-Systems evaluation involve social-behavioral studies to improve designs

  32. LIT OPGIS - Current Development

  33. OPGIS - Future Development

  34. Client-server interaction “event” Time Server location UW Space User’s home location or home zip code System Use System log: Client-server interaction “events” captured during decision making occur in time and space

  35. Entire Timeline: 245 registered users 120,396client-server “events” One Day: 81users 7,272“events” October 18 – October 23, 2007 System Evaluation Spatio-temporal Timeline: Three Counties around Seattle, WA, October 11 – November 25, 2007 What it suggests: Evolving structure of an analytic-deliberative network constructed from client-server interaction “events”

  36. Sub-Step 1b and 1c 30 minutes October 15, 2007 October 22, 2007 October 25, 2007 November 1, 2007 November 7, 2007 November 13, 2007 Percent of Quota Subjects Still Actively Participating Sub-Step 3c and 4a 15 minutes Sub-Step 5a Average Time Quota Subjects Spent Online What it suggests: Participant activity contained peaks and valleys of intensity

  37. Roles for Tightening the Participatory Design Loop among the Three Domains X = Produced by X = Consumed by

  38. Design Loop Deliverables Tightening the GeoWeb design loop improves outcomes for: • Participatory GeoWeb technology design • Effectiveness of complex problem solving • Participatory workflow patterns of knowledge production

  39. Research Focus PMM on GeoWeb PMM - linking system development, use and evaluation …on the GeoWeb - coupling of SDI, OPGIS, and VGI …enables many research directions, but two in particular… • Spatio-temporal modeling for GeoDesign • Scaling participation

  40. 1) Spatio-temporal Modeling for GeoDesign • How can we better couple SDI, OPGIS, and VGI services to enable geodesign of green infrastructure improvements for stormwater runoff management and monitoring of water quality in the Puget Sound region?

  41. 2) Scaling participation • How can coupling services help us understand convergence of SDI, OPGIS, and VGI to scale participation? Scaling involves: a) down-up : scaling up moves the research toward topics about regional places b) in-out : scaling out moves the research toward very large numbers of people participating c) low-high : scaling high moves the research toward nuanced analyses and rich deliberative processes

  42. 4. Conclusions • Cyberinfrastructure-enabled GeoWeb provides an opportunity to connect with others with similar interests more than ever before • Need systematic and robust, but at the same time comprehensive and flexible cyber-enabled frameworks, for participatory systems design • Synergistic activity among SDI, OPGIS, and VGI developments can help formulate consortium GIS for regional governance • Add a fourth realm, i.e., high-performance computing, perspective to characterize PMM for CyberGIS on the GeoWeb

  43. Research Directions • Synthesize comparative architectures that lead to improved designs of GeoWeb solutions; computer-enabled case study synthesis • Tighten the design (feedback) loop characterized using metrics for development, use and evaluation • Focus on support for participatory geospatial thinking, learning and decision making using cyber-enabled tools characterized in terms of those metrics. • Adding a fourth realm focusing on high performance computing will expand this activity to CyberGIS

  44. Comments / Questions? Acknowledgements • Much of this presentation was prepared while on sabbatical at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (Spring 2011) on a William Evans Fellowship together with Dr. G. Brent Hall and Dr. Piotr Jankowski, San Diego State University. Thanks to both of them for interesting discussions. • LIT research supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. EIA 0325916, funded through the Information Technology Research Program, and managed in the Digital Government Program. • VCC Research funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climate Program Office, Sectoral Applications Research Program #NA07OAR4310410. • PIM Research funded by the National Science Foundation Grant No. BCS-0921688, Geography and Spatial Sciences Program • CyberGIS Research funded by the National Science Foundation Grant No. OCI-1047916 Office of Cyberinfrastructure, Software Institutes, Cross-Directorate Active Programs, Geography and Spatial Sciences, and Method, Measure & Statistics Programs. • Researchers alone are responsible for any and all of the errors.

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