MIGRATION AND ECONOMICS

1. MIGRATION AND ECONOMICS Zoltan Grossman, The Evergreen State College http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz

2. Types of migration • Emigration (from) or immigration (to) • Voluntary or involuntary (forced) • International (between countries) or internal (within a country). • Documented or undocumented

3. Migration flows

4. Push factors • Violence (war or high crime) • Poor economy • Ethnic or religious persecution • Degraded resources or poor weather

5. Pull factors • Peace (or more security) • Economic opportunities/ good services • Freedom of expression • Better sense of place or weather

6. Intervening obstacles • Restrictions on immigration • Bias against immigrants • Distance and lack of money • Cultural unfamiliarity

7. VOLUNTARY MIGRATION • Gross migration • Total number of migrants • Net migration • Gain or loss as result of migration

8. Chain migration • Family/friends write home, attract new immigrants • Family reunifications • “Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country

9. Mexican “braceros” in U.S., 1950s “Guest workers” • Temporary employment • Send money home • Kids become citizens? Turks in Germany, 1980s Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong, 1990s

10. “Brain Drain” • Educated, skilled migrate for better jobs • Wealthy, educated country gains • Poor country loses skilled people

11. REFUGEES(involuntary) • Flee war or persecution • International or internal (unrecognized) • Many move to temporary camps • Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)

12. Main sources of refugees

14. Highlands in Laos Laos Thailand Hmong refugeesfrom Laos Mekong River (border) Refugee camp in Thailand

15. HmongrefugeesfromLaosMany nowin Calif.,Minn., Wis.

16. “Ethnic cleansing” Forced removal of an ethnic group (term from breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990s) Serbs expelled from Krajina (Croatia), 1995 Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999

17. Afghan refugees

18. Migration and the U.S.

19. International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade

20. Diaspora A group scattered globally by large- scale migration Jewish Diaspora African Diaspora Chinese Diaspora Palestinian Diaspora

21. Internal / Involuntary: Indian Removal west of Mississippi River

22. Waves of immigration, 1840s-1930s

23. Annual Immigration by Region of Origin

24. Origins and Destinations of Recent Immigrants

25. Immigration Patterns from Asia

26. Riot against Chinese in Denver, 1880 Anti-immigrant movements Signs against Japanese in California, 1930s

27. Anti-immigrant arguments • Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services • Yet mainly “low-end” jobs • Immigrants “threaten” culture/language • Argument sees diversity as negative • Anti-immigrant movements affect elections • Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc.

28. Undocumented immigrants more likely than U.S. citizens to… • Be employed • Work longer hours • Be free from assistance • Contribute to federal taxes through payroll • Drain state social services • Federal gov’t should compensate states?

29. Immigration Patterns from Latin America

30. Economic migrants or refugees? Cubans, Vietnamese had preferred status because they left a Communist country (Haitians, Salvadorans left U.S. allies) Mariel Boatlift from Cuba, 1980s Boat people from Haiti, 1990s

31. Who came to whom? U.S. annexed northern Mexico in 1845-48 “We didn’t cross the border. The border crossed us.”

33. Internal migration within U.S.

34. Shifting Center of U.S. Population, 1790 - 1990

35. Rural-to-urban shift (Voluntary/internal)

36. The Great Migration African Americans moving from South to North to work in war industries

37. Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th century

38. U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990s)