The Executive Branch

1. 1 The Executive Branch �The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.�

2. 2 Possible Presidential Candidate for 2008 Republicans: John McCain Senator from Arizona, Rudy Giuliani former Mayor of New York, Mitch Romney Governor of Massachusetts Democrats: Hillary Clinton Senator from New York, Barack Obama Senator from Illinois, Joseph Biden Senator from Delaware, Al Gore former V.P. of U.S., John Kerry Senator from Massachusetts, John Edwards former Senator from North Carolina

3. 3 John McCain Senator from Arizona and Rudy Guiliani former Mayor of New York

4. 4 Mitch Romney�Governor of Massachusetts

5. 5 Hillary Clinton Senator from New York and Barack Obama Senator from Illinois

6. 6 John Edwards former V.P. candidate and John Kerry former Presidential candidate

7. 7 Joseph Biden Senator from Delawareand Al Gore former V.P. and Presidential Candidate.

8. 8 Geographic Presidential Politics-(note to Mr. Mosser �go to favorites)

9. 9 Presidential Geographic Politics Continued The goal for a Republican candidate for President is to hold the south and the mountain west and then pick up either Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, or Wisconsin. The goal for a Democrat candidate for President is to hold the northeast and far west, win the Midwest (especially Ohio and Michigan, and somehow win a southern state or two. What has happened recently in Virginia that gives renewed hope to the democrat party that they might be able to win Virginia?

10. 10 Go to quiz and write down questions You will need to write down answers as I go along so that you will do well on quiz.

11. 11 �The Presidency is a place of splendid misery.�

12. 12 U.S. Presidents George Washington 1789 John Adams 1797 Thomas Jefferson 1801 James Madison 1809 James Monroe 1817 John Q. Adams 1825

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14. 14 U.S. Presidents 7. Andrew Jackson 1829 8. Martin Van Buren 1837 9. William H. Harrison 1841 10. John Tyler 1841 11. James K. Polk 1845 12. Zachary Taylor 1849

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16. 16 U.S. Presidents 13. Millard Fillmore 1850 14. Franklin Pierce 1853 15. James Buchanan 1857 16. Abraham Lincoln 1861 17. Andrew Johnson 1865 18. Ulysses S. Grant 1869

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18. 18 U.S. Presidents 19. Rutherford B. Hayes 1877 20. James A. Garfield 1881 21. Chester Arthur 1881 22. Grover Cleveland 1885 23. Benjamin Harrison 1889 24. Grover Cleveland 1893 25. William McKinley 1897

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20. 20 U.S. Presidents 26. Theodore Roosevelt 1901 Republican 27. William H. Taft 1909 Republican 28. Woodrow Wilson 1913 Democrat 29. Warren G. Harding 1921 Republican 30. Calvin Coolidge 1923 Republican 31. Herbert Hoover 1929 Republican

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22. 22 Copy list next two slides You will have to be able to list on the next Quiz the Presidents in order since 1945 beginning with Harry Truman (11 Presidents). You will also need to know what party they represented. For extra credit you can name the candidate they defeated from the other party.

23. 23 U.S. Presidents 32. Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 Democrat 33. Harry Truman 1945 Democrat defeated Dewey 34. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 Republican defeated Adalai Stevenson twice 35. John F. Kennedy 1961 Democrat defeated Richard Nixon 36. Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 Democrat defeated Barry Goldwater 37. Richard M. Nixon 1969 Republican defeated Hubert Humphrey and George McGovern

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25. 25 U.S. Presidents 38. Gerald R. Ford 1974 Republican 39. James E. Carter 1977 Democrat defeated Gerald Ford 40. Ronald W. Reagan 1981 Republican defeated Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale 41. George H.W. Bush 1989 Republican defeated Michael Dukakis 42. William J. Clinton 1993 Democrat defeated George H.W. Bush and Robert Dole 43. George W. Bush 2001 Republican defeated Al Gore and John Kerry. 44. ?????????????????????? 2009

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27. 27 Quiz 1. What powers are vested in the President? 2. Which President got 100% of the electoral college? 3. Which two Presidents were impeached? 4. Which President resigned? 5. Which President was also a Supreme Court Justice? 6. Which President was elected 4 times? 7. Which President was assassinated in 1963? 8. Which President made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945? 9. Which President was the only President not to be elected President or Vice President? 10. Which President actually led the army to put down a rebellion? 11. Which President had laws passed that could have put people in jail that criticized the President? 12. Which President was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase even though he questioned if he had the authority to make such a purchase?

28. 28 Quiz continued 13. Which President suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus allowing suspected spies to be imprisoned without a trial? 14. Which President was the first President to order troops into combat without a declaration of war (been done over 200 times since)? 15. List three possible republican candidates for President in 2008 mentioned in class. 16. List three possible democrat candidates for President in 2008 mentioned in class. 17. In the last two Presidential elections what two regions of the country were dominated by the Republican candidate? 18. In the last two Presidential elections what two regions of the country were dominated by the Democrat candidate ? 19. List the Presidents of the United States in order since 1945. Give the political party of each. 20. Extra Credit---give the candidate they defeated in each election.

29. 29 The most powerful office in the World

30. 30 Qualifications 35 years old The youngest person to become President was Teddy Roosevelt. He became President at 42 when William McKinley was assassinated. The youngest person elected President was John F. Kennedy at 43. The oldest President elected was Ronald Reagan. He was elected to his second term at age 73.

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32. 32 Qualifications continued Natural Born Citizen Martin Van Buren was the first President born in the United States. Arnold Schwarzenegger (Governor of California) can not run for President unless the Constitution is changed. You can be a natural born citizen by blood or by soil.

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34. 34 Qualifications continued Live in the United States for 14 years. It is possible for someone to be born a U.S. citizen but live most of their life somewhere else.

35. 35 Review List the three Constitutional qualifications for the President and Vice President of the United States. Who was the first President to be born in the United States? What are the ways to be a natural born citizen? Who was the youngest person to become President? Youngest to be elected? Oldest President elected?

36. 36 Review Continued Be able to define Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy What is the nickname for the Federal Reserve? What items do the American people usually look at when trying to determine the quality of the economy?

37. 37 Powers of the President Powers are derived from four sources: 1. The Constitution 2. Supreme Court interpretation of Constitution 3. past Presidential actions 4. laws and resolutions passed by Congress. There has been an ongoing argument over how strong the President should be. Some claim that President Bush is an �Imperial President� and think that the President should be subservient to Congress. Others believe that the President should be on an equal footing with the Congress and at times of War the President has greater powers than Congress.

38. 38 Executive Power Executive Power of the President includes: Ordinance Power---the power to issue executive orders that have the effect of law. Example 1: President Roosevelt ordering Japanese Americans to be interned in camps during WWII. ---Do you see any similarities with President Bush�s order to tap phone calls of American citizens? Example 2: declaring New Orleans a disaster area and making it eligible for federal assistance.

39. 39 President Bush�s order to wiretap American citizens without court order. On Sept. 14, 2001 the Congress of the United States passed a resolution that said that the President shall use �all necessary and appropriate force to fight those who are responsible for the Sept. 11 attacks�. Does this order, plus the President�s Constitutional power of Commander in Chief, give President Bush the power to wiretap phone calls of people in America making or receiving phone calls from other nations, without a court order?

40. 40 Administrative Power Directs and administers 2.7 million government workers. (most are not appointed by the President) Responsible for administering a 2 Trillion dollar budget every year. Example: directs office of Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA)

41. 41 Appointment Power With the consent of the Senate the President appoints most of the top ranking officers of the federal government. Examples: ambassadors and diplomats, Cabinet members (ex. Secretary of State Condolezza Rice and Defense Department Secretary Robert Gates), heads of independent agencies, all federal judges, all officers in the armed forces.

42. 42 Removal Power In general, the President may remove those whom he or she appoints. 1867 Andrew Johnson is impeached by House and tried in Senate for removing Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War. The Congress had passed a law that forbade the President to fire someone who the Senate had confirmed. The law was repealed in 1787.

43. 43 The Senate refused to convict and remove Johnson, but by only one vote.

44. 44 Power to make treaties The President acting through his or her Secretary of State negotiates treaties. The United States Senate approves the treaty by a two-thirds vote. In 1920 The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles that was negotiated by President Wilson. Many of the Senators did not like the creation of the League of Nations which was the forerunner to the United Nations.

45. 45 Executive Agreements Presidents sometimes use Executive Agreements to accomplish the same thing as a treaty---An executive agreement does not need Senate approval. Example: Franklin Roosevelt�s deal with Winston Churchill in 1940 where American destroyers were given in return for British military bases at the beginning of World War II.

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47. 47 The Power of Recognition When the President receives the diplomatic representative of another nation, the President exercises his or her power of recognition. This means that the President acknowledges the legal existence of that country and its government. Teddy Roosevelt�s recognition of the new country of Panama in 1903. Harry Truman�s recognition of the new country of Israel in 1948.

48. 48 Power of Commander in Chief The President has direct control of 2 million men and women in the military. The President can promote and demote military personnel. President George Washington actually went with the troops and led them in putting down the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. The Congress actually has the power to declares war not the President. However, Presidents have sent troops into battle without a declaration of war over 200 times. Examples: Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq

49. 49 Commander in Chief Continued John Adams in 1798 was the first President to send troops into battle without a declaration of war. In times of declared war the Presidents powers are far greater than in times of peace. Example: during WW II the Congress gave the President the power to ration food, gasoline, control wages and prices, and seize and operate private industries.

50. 50 Legislative Powers The President gives a �State of the Union� address to a joint session of Congress each year. Here the President reviews the past years accomplishments and recommends future action. Recommend legislation�President Bush recommended to Congress that we cut taxes---Congress passed the tax cuts and President Bush signed them into law. (Social Security reform recommended by Bush did not pass)

51. 51 The State of the Union Address is broadcast on television every year. The Speech is given by the President to a joint session of Congress

52. 52 Legislative Powers Continued Call Special Sessions of Congress. A Constitutional duty that is hardly used anymore because the Congress is usually in session. Veto Legislation---Congress may override a Presidential veto by a two thirds vote in each house. (Clinton vetoed 37 bills only two of which were overridden. Franklin Roosevelt vetoed 635 bills of which 9 were overridden.) Bush has vetoed zero. Item veto unconstitutional.

53. 53 Judicial Powers Grant a reprieve�postponement of sentence. Grant a pardon---legal forgiveness of a crime. (Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon) (Bill Clinton pardoned Marc Rich) Grant commutation---reduce sentence. Grant amnesty---a blanket pardon to a group of people. (1977 Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam war draft evaders.

54. 54 Review on Presidential Powers 1. Be able to list four sources from which the President has derived power. 2. What do you call the Presidents power to issue executive orders? 3. What is an executive agreement? 4. What is the yearly Presidential speech to a joint session of Congress called? 5. How do you override a Presidential veto? 6. As chief administrator the President is responsible for how many government workers and administrating how much money?

55. 55 Review continued 7. Who does the President appoint that he or she can�t remove? 8. How must treaties be approved (ratified)? 9. Which treaty negotiated by Woodrow Wilson was never approved? 10. How does a President extend recognition to another country? 11. Who was the first President to send troops into combat without a declaration of war? 12. Who can call a Special Session of Congress? 13. How many bills has George W. Bush vetoed? 14. Which President has vetoed the most bills? 15. Be able to identify and define: reprieve, amnesty, commutation, pardon

56. 56 Presidential Oath of Office �I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.� Every President on their own has added �so help me God� at the end. Every President has sworn this oath on a Bible of their choice�except for John Adams and Teddy Roosevelt. Most Presidents have been sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court�however, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in by his father (a Justice of the Peace in Vermont

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58. 58 22nd. Amendment This amendment officially limits the President to two terms of 4 years each or 10 years in office. The ten years can occur if a Vice-President becomes President and serves two years and then is elected to two terms. This amendment was added in response to Franklin Roosevelt being elected four times. Roosevelt had broken with the tradition set by George Washington of only serving two terms.

59. 59 25th Amendment This amendment establishes the line of succession to the Presidency. Vice-President Speaker of the House President Pro Tempore of the Senate Cabinet positions in the order that they were created. (Secretary of State is first) Establishes procedures when the President is disabled.�President informs Congress, or if unable, a majority of the Cabinet and the Vice President inform Congress that the President can not fulfill his or her duties. The Vice-President is then made acting President.

60. 60 First President to become President without being elected President or Vice President Nixon had to resign because of the Watergate Scandal. Gerald Ford became President and selected Nelson Rockefeller as his Vice President. The Senate quickly approved this appointment.

61. 61 Line of succession continued Spiro Agnew was Richard Nixon�s Vice President---He resigned because of scandal.

62. 62 Richard Nixon chose Gerald Ford as his new Vice President. The Senate confirmed Ford as the new Vice President.

63. 63 Compensation In 1789 the President was paid $25,000 a year. Today the President is paid $400,000 a year. Vice President $202,000 He or she receives free medical and dental care. Lives in the White House Access to Camp David Air Force One Secret Service Protection Great retirement plan

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65. 65 Review What does the President swear to do in his/her oath of office? What President was sworn in on an airplane? Which by his father? Who usually does the swearing in of a President? Why was 22nd Amendment passed? What does 22nd Amendment do? What does 25th Amendment do? What is the line of succession? (top four) How did Gerald Ford become President? How much is the President paid? Vice-President? How much did Washington get paid?

66. 66 Welcome Back We will continue our study of the Executive Branch by looking at how we elect our President and Vice-President. Quiz FRIDAY

67. 67 The election of the President Primaries and National Conventions---candidates are selected for each party. (Iowa, New Hampshire first primaries)---National Convention selects ticket (President and Vice-President) Electors are chosen in each state. They are elected at large except for Maine and Nebraska. If a Presidential candidate wins any of the other 48 states or D.C. they receive all of that state�s electoral votes. Electors are chosen by the political parties in each state before the election. The statewide election determines which group of electors will get to vote for each state What we really have is 51 separate Presidential elections, with the people in each state and D.C. deciding which group of electors will vote for their state. These electors sometimes (rarely) do not vote for who they are supposed to---(Ronald Reagan in 1976; no vote for D.C. in 2004). The number of electoral votes that a state receives is determined by the number of Senators and Representatives that state has. (senators + representatives = electoral votes----except for D.C.)

68. 68 Electoral College Examples of states electoral votes; Virginia 13, California 55, Wyoming 3 For a person to be elected President he or she must receive a total of 270 electoral votes. In 2000 Bush received 537,179 fewer popular votes nationwide than Al Gore. But Bush received 271 electoral votes while Gore received 266. The election was decided by the outcome of the Florida vote---decided by 2,912,790 for Bush and 2,912,253 for Gore---a difference of 537 votes. Recount in Florida ---chads Bush v. Gore----5-4 decision

69. 69 2000 Election results

70. 70 2004 Election Bush 62,040,606 51% 286� Kerry 59,028,109 48% 252� Nader 411,304 1% 0

71. 71 Electoral College According to the 12th Amendment the Electors from each state meet in December, in their state capital, to officially cast one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. This amendment was added because of the election of 1800----Jefferson and Burr tie for Presidency. Electoral votes officially counted/totaled from all states and D.C. in U.S. Senate by President of the Senate (V.P.). If no candidate receives the required 270 the election is decided in the House with each state getting one vote. (Jefferson and Burr ---also John Q. Adams v. Jackson) Popular vote winner has failed to win Presidency four times: 1824 Adams is picked by the House as President over Jackson; 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (185 ) defeats Tilden (184); 1888 Benjamin Harrison (233) defeats Grover Cleveland 168 2000 George W. Bush (271) defeats Al Gore (266)

72. 72 Why do we have this system?? Compromise between those who wanted to have the people elect the President and those who wanted Congress to choose the President. Advantage of electoral college system is that it gives small states more power than they would otherwise get in the election. Do we still need the system?----Why? Why not? ----half page �worth 5 points.

73. 73 Money, Money, Money, Money President Bush won reelection against Sen. John Kerry in a presidential race that shattered previous fundraising and spending records to become the most expensive in U.S. history. Both candidates benefited from the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which went into effect just before the 2004 election cycle began and doubled the individual contribution limit from $1,000 to $2,000.

74. 74 Money, Money, Money, Money Bush took in a record $360 million for the 2004 election, easily exceeding the $193 million he raised four years earlier. Bush spent $306 million, another record. John Kerry finished behind Bush in the money chase, but still posted totals that far exceeded those seen in any previous election. Kerry raised more than $317 million and spent more than $241 million.

75. 75 Review Which states have the first primaries? Where are candidates officially nominated for each party? Which states do not have a �winner take all system� in their electoral vote? What does the popular vote in each state determine in a Presidential election? Do electors have to vote for the candidate they are supposed to? When do electors vote? Where? How is the number of electoral votes in each state determined? What is the importance of the 23rd. Amendment? How many electoral votes does Virginia cast? Wyoming? California? D.C.? What is the least amount of electoral votes a state may have?

76. 76 Review continued What is the total amount of electoral votes? How many electoral votes is needed to get elected President? What did the Bush v. Gore case determine in 2000? What is the importance of the 12th Amendment? Where are electoral votes officially counted? What happens if no candidate receives the required number of electoral votes to win? List four Presidents who lost the total popular vote but won the Electoral College vote and became President. How much money did Bush and Kerry raise for their campaigns in 2004?

77. 77 Part 3 Begins on next slide

78. 78 The Federal Bureaucracy The Federal Bureaucracy is a large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of the federal government. The Federal Government is the largest organization in the country----delivers mail, regulates business, collects taxes, manages the national parks and forest, conducts foreign policy, administer Social Security, and Medicare, etc. etc. etc.

79. 79 The Executive Branch is divided into three parts that in total have the responsibility to Administer the Presidents Executive powers Executive Office of the President Executive Departments Independent Agencies These three in total employee 2.7 million men and women.

80. 80 The Executive Office of the President Presidents closest advisors established by Congress in 1939. Within the Executive Office is the White House Office which includes about 400 men and women working out of the West and East Wing of the White House. The head of this staff is the Presidents Chief of Staff. Also included in the White House Office is the Press Secretary (Tony Snow), and legal counsel. Also in the Executive Office is the National Security Council�includes V.P. Secretaries of State, Defense, and Homeland Security, CIA director, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Presidents personnel National Security Advisor.

81. 81 Executive Office Continued Office of Management and Budget---prepares the federal budget each year Office of Faith Based and Community Initiatives---created by President Bush used to organize and encourage faith based and community efforts to combat drug abuse, homelessness, poverty, and crime. Council of Economic Advisors Council on Environmental Quality Office of Policy Development Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of U.S. Trade Representative Office of Science and Technology Office of Administration Office of the Vice President

82. 82 The Executive Departments 15 Departments Washington asked First Congress in 1789 created four---Department of Treasury, War, Justice and State. Each Department is headed by a Secretary except Justice Department which headed by the Attorney General.�appointed by President and confirmed by a majority vote in the Senate. Head of Important Departments: State---Condolezza Rice, Defense---Bill Gates, Treasury----Henry Paulson, Attorney General�Alberto Gonzalez Homeland Security----Michael Chertoff State Department---25,000 people Defense Department---670,000 civilian workers. The heads of the 15 Executive Departments by tradition make up the Presidents Cabinet.

83. 83 The Pentagon

84. 84 Independent Agencies Today there are nearly 150 independent agencies. Called independent because they are not within the Cabinet. Can be divided into three types: 1. Independent executive agencies 2. Independent regulatory agencies 3. Government corporations

85. 85 1. Independent Executive Agencies National Aeronautics and Space Administration�Space Program Environmental Protection Agency National Transportation Safety Board CIA

86. 86 2. Independent Regulatory Commissions Beyond the reach of Presidential direction and control---10 agencies created to regulate, or police, important aspects of the nations economy. Sometimes called the 4th Branch of Government. Ex.---Federal Reserve (the Fed) Federal Trade Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Nuclear Regulatory Commission

87. 87 3. Government Corporations 1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ---protects bank savings up to $100,000 2. AMTRAK---passenger railroad service 3. TVA---Tennessee Valley Authority provides electrical power to people who live in the Tennessee river valley.

88. 88 Review Be able to identify the following as examples of Executive Office of the President; Cabinet (Executive Departments); or Independent Agencies; 1. ____ National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) 2. ____ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3. ____ Central Intelligence Administration (CIA) 4. ____ Justice Department 5. ____ Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 6. ____White House Office 7. ____ National Security Council (NSC) 8. ____ Defense Department 9. ____ Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 10. ____ Federal Reserve System 11. ____ Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 12. ____Department of State

89. 89 Review Continued How many Departments make up the Presidents Cabinet today? Who is the current Secretary of State, Defense, Treasury? Who is the head of the Justice Department? (The Attorney General) Homeland Security Which were the first four Cabinet positions created by Washington? In what part of the Executive Bureaucracy will you find the Presidents Chief of Staff and Press Secretary? Who is the Press Secretary at this time? What people make up the Presidents National Security Council? How many people work in the Executive Bureaucracy? Which Department is the newest? Which Department has as it�s headquarters the Pentagon?