Sports Medicine I

1. Sports Medicine I Mr. Ryan

2. What Will I Learn? • Human biology • Anatomy • Exercise Physiology • Kinesiology • Biomechanics • Muscles, bones, ligaments, organs • Mechanics and treatment of sports injury

3. Course Expectations • See Handout • Warm Up • Write what you think these words mean: • Anatomy • Physiology • Kinesiology • Biomechanics • Anatomical Position

5. Answers • Anatomy - The scientific study of how the body is organized concentrating on bones, joints, muscles, and organs, their kinds and their arrangements. (ana- : separate, -otomy: incision/cut) • Physiology - is the study of how cells and organ systems function. (-ology: study of) • Kinesiology – the study of human movement. • Biomechanics -The study of motion and the effects of forces relative to the body. (bio- :life) • *Take “Pre-Quiz”

6. Warm Up • Name the anatomical names of the following muscles and bones: • Collar bone • Chest muscle • Thigh bone • Shoulder blade • Stomach muscles • Breast plate • Calf muscle

7. Anatomical Terms • How do I dorsiflex my toes? • Do my hamstrings help in flexion or extension of the knee joint? • In which anatomical plane do I do a “jumping jack”? • Which is more medial? Elbow or wrist? • Is my belly button on the anterior or posterior side of my body?

8. Introduction to Anatomy • The anatomical position

9. Anatomical Terms • In relation to the frontalplane: • Anterior – refers to the front of the body • Posterior – refers to the back of the body • In relation to the sagittalplane: • Medial – closer to the midline • Lateral – farther from the midline • Other directional terms: • Superior - toward the head end of the body • Inferior - away from the head • Proximal – towards an attachment • Distal – away from an attachment • Dorsal – toward the back/posterior • Plantar – toward/on the sole of the foot • Ventral – toward the front/anterior

10. Movement • Flexion - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body • Extension – is the opposite of flexion, and there is an increase in the angle

11. Cont… • Adduction - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body. • Abduction - the exact opposite, with an increase in the angle.

12. Cont… • Rotation – is rotation of an entire limb clockwise (laterally) or anticlockwise (medially). • Circumduction -is a special case of movement involving adduction, flexion, extension and abduction. The resulting movement creates a circular path of movement. (Ball and socket joints)

14. Cont… • Pronation – this is the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces posteriorly. • Supination - roation of the hand so that the palm faces anteriorly.

15. Cont… • Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the median plane. (same as when an ankle is twisted). • Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.

16. Cont… • Dorsi flexion – toes pointing up • Plantar flexion – toes pointing down

17. Cont… • Retraction – gliding a segment backward ( e.g. scapulae squeeze together) • Protraction – when a segment glides forward (e.g. mandible/jaw)

18. Skeletal System

20. Bones • Protect organs • Support/Framework • Provide Movement (work with muscles) • Store minerals • Produce blood cells • 2 skeletons • Axial (spine, thorax, and skull • Appendicular (bones of the extremities)

21. Anatomical Characteristics of Bone • Dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes) that are filled in a matrix, which consists of an intercellular material. • Compact (hard) tissue – outer surface, tunneled by a marrow cavity • Cancellous (spongy) bone – inner aspect composed of a more porous tissue • Contains a network of blood and lymphatic vessels • Periosteum – tissue that covers a bone and contains the blood supply to the bone

23. Cont… • Epiphysis – growth plate located at the ends of a long bone • Bone types • Long (femur) • Short (metacarpal) • Flat (scapula) • Irregular (vertebra) • Osteoblasts – bone-producing cells (new) • Osteoclasts – cells that resorb bone (break up old bone)

25. Marrow • Red Marrow – RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets • Yellow Marrow – WBC’s

29. GROWTH PLATE

30. Cartilage • Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones • Functions: • Join structures (ribs and sternum) • Absorb shock • Permit smooth bone movement • 3 types • Hyaline or articular (nasal septum, articular ends of bones of synovial joints) • Fibrous (vertebral discs, menisci) • Elastic (external ear)

31. Joints • Three classifications of joints: • Synovial, Fibrous, and Cartilaginous • Ligaments – connective tissue joining bone to bone • Synovial (Diarthrodial) – • Have fantastic mobility and consist of a joint capsule • Consists of • Joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane • Hyaline cartilage • Ligaments

32. Types of Synovial Joints • Ball and Socket – allow all possible movement • Shoulder and hip joints • Hinge – allow only flexion and extension • Elbow and knee • Pivot – permits rotation around an axis • Cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna • Ellipsoidal – have an elliptical convex head and a concave socket • wrist

33. Cont… • Saddle – reciprocally concavo-convex • Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb • Gliding – allow a small amount of gliding back and forth and sideways • Joints between the carpal and tarsal bones, joints between vertebrae

35. Fibrous (Synarthrodial) Joints • Held by connective tissue • Immovable • E.g. • Bones of the skull. • Between tibia and fibula

37. Cartilaginous (Ampiarthrodial) Joints • Cartilage attaching two bones together • E.g. Where the ribs meet the sternum

39. Muscles (mm) Three types: • Smooth – internal organs • Cardiac – heart • Skeletal – attached to skeleton responsible for movement • TYPE I – “Slow Twitch” • TYPE II – “Fast Twitch”

41. MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS • AGONIST - Muscles that carry out a given action. • ANTAGONISTS – mm that carry out the opposing action. • ISOTONIC – mm contraction, tension remains unchanged and the muscle's length changes. • CONCENTRIC – mm shortens. • ECCENTRIC – mm lengthens. • ISOMETRIC – mm stays the same length.

42. Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

43. Muscles • Composed of contractile cells or fibers • Myofibrils are surrounded by the endomysium • Fiber bundles are surrounded by the perimysium • The entire muscle is surrounded by the epimysium • Tendon – attaches muscle to bone • Aponeurosis - connective tissue that attaches to other muscles

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