Introducing GIS and Remote Sensing

1. Introducing GIS and Remote Sensing Introduction to Mapping and GIS

2. Think about all the activity occurring though out a landscape. How can we map, manage and analyze all that is going on? GIS! Rowan University

3. US Census Data in Excel Think about keeping information about phenomenon on a landscape. How could you do it?

4. US Census Data in GIS GIS organizes that data with a map. But GIS is much more….

5. Data Types Aspatial data—data not tied to a location on the earth’s surface Spatial data—data associated with a location on earth Much of the information we deal with daily has some spatial component.

6. What is GIS? • Data Management - • Manages various kinds of GIS data including vector, raster, images, tables, other data files • Data models and architectures • Conversion between formats • Import/export utilities • Interacts with RDBMS (SQL Server, Oracle, etc…)

7. What is GIS? • Analysis • Spatially aware data • Attribute and spatial query • Proximity and Overlay • Advanced geoprocessing techniques • Decision support • Flexible, customization • Programming, scripting (to perform analysis)

8. What is GIS? • Visualization • Maps! Maps! Maps! • If a picture is worth a 1000 words… • Professional cartographic tool • Charts, graphs, tables, etc… • Various coordinate systems • 2D and 3D • Web, desktop, handheld, etc…

9. What is GIS? Data Management – Database View Analysis – Model View Visualization – Map View

10. “G” vs. “IS” GIS uses maps to spatially analyze and search for patterns in the data that would otherwise not be found. (Content) GIS stores, manipulates, and displays data files and relationships in a information system using standard computing practices. (IT) With advances in technology, GIS users must now deal with both aspects!

11. The “G” • “G” = Geographic • Denotes the concept of spatial location on Earth’s surface • Importance of relative location (not just where you are but where you are in relation to everything else) • Theories and techniques in Geography form the basis of GIS

12. The “I” • “I” = Information • Substance (knowledge) about location • Factual and interpretative • Tables + Maps + Analysis • Transformation of table information into spatial context for analysis • Technology and computer systems

13. What about just “GI”? Yes, it is used quite often. Commonly used as a replacement for or broadening of the term “GIS data” But…

14. What About the “S” in GIS? Systems Science Studies Services

15. Geospatial? Geographic + GIS = “Geospatial” Move in recent years to better define the industry and to focus on data and procedures (business) over geographic principles (academic) Geospatial includes all subcomponents of GIS embedded in other areas (remote sensing, GPS etc.)

16. Not Just Computer Cartography

17. Core of GIS = “Layers”

18. Importance of Layers in GIS Geographic data = Representation of reality Reality is complex. GIS utilizes a layer approach Each layer only includes information about one type of phenomenon. Data layers must be aligned with one another

19. Importance of Layers • Proximity • Finding what is near or within a distance from a certain location or feature e.g., all houses within 100 yards of a stream • Overlay • Combining two layers to create new information e.g., habitat based on veg, elevation, and temp

20. Families of GIS Data (1) • Vector mode or coordinate based • Three vector objects exist—points, lines, polygons; these are called “features.” • They are represented by X,Y coordinates • sometimes Z (3D), sometimes M (linear reference) • Information about features is (are) called “attributes.” • Two types of vector models—topological and object • Topological means the data models stores relationships between vectors • Vector objects exist independent of any other nearby features

21. Families of GIS Data (2) • Raster mode or grid cell • Entire study area is covered by a grid • Each cell within grid is given a value • Values can be integer or decimal • Data can be discrete or continuous • Cell size is variable and linked to the file size of the raster data • Areas outside of the grid are ignored • Grid must be expanded if those areas are to be included

22. Modeling Geospatial Reality Raster Model Vector Model Real World

23. Vector Mode Model of Reality Reality Coding Vector GIS

24. node B node C Polygon I Polygon III node A Polygon II node E node F node D Polygon V Polygon IV node G Coding Vector GIS Vector Mode Model of Reality Reality

25. Raster Mode Model of Reality Reality Coding Raster GIS Data

26. Coding Raster GIS Data 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 6 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 Raster Mode Model of Reality Reality

27. Advantages of Vector • Vector data make maps that look more like maps we are use to seeing on paper. • The shapes of features are accurately represented. • Vector data can have TOPOLOGY • Vector data is good for managing attributes • Vector data has smaller storage requirement • Only the objects need to be represented in the database (empty space in-between is not captured)

28. Disadvantages of Vector • Complicated data structure • Software must manage many data tables • Not good at representing geographic features that gradually change over location • For example elevation or moisture in soil • Slower processing time

29. Advantages of Raster Good at depicting continuously changing surfaces such as elevation or soil moisture Grid format is simple data structure Easier for computer to make analytical calculations Ideal for utilizing remote sensing images

30. Disadvantages of Raster • Maps can be blocky looking (depending on the size of the grid cells) • Cells can only be coded for one attribute when there may be more than one attribute at each location • Can have very large datasets (depending on the size of the grid cell) • Not topological: adjacency data structure

31. Remote Sensing • Remotely-Sensed data is one of the most important sources of data for GIS. • RS means - Acquiring data from a distance • Usually uses electromagnetic energy • sunlight, radar, laser • Originally captured on photographic film • Recent platforms utilize digital sensors

32. Early Remote Sensing Platforms

33. What kinds of devices collect the data? Geosynchronous Orbitwhen the satellite moves at the same speed as the spinning earth – results in the camera staying over the same spot of the earth • Aircraft • High altitude • Low altitude • Spacecraft: • Landsat • SPOT • Weather satellites • GeoEye-1

34. Aircraft Images

35. Black and Whiteor “Panchromatic” Sensitive to visible light

36. Digital Orothographic Photos • Digital photos of the earth • Usually acquired by aircraft • Orthographic means that the photo has all distortion removed • A regular photo from an airplane will have distortion due to: • Parallax – effect that distance away from the center point of a photo will always have distortion • Terrain – the hills and valleys or a land area will cause distortion in the photo • An orthographic photo is adjusted by computer software to make the image line up with a flat map

37. Digital Orthographic Photo - Infrared - 1995 You are here

38. Artificial Turf Why Infrared?

39. Remote Sensing Mediums • Black and White or “Panchromatic” • Sensitive to visible light • True Color • Similar to color film • Infrared • Sensitive to infrared frequencies that can’t be seen by humans • Developed by military for identifying tanks painted with camouflage • Good for evaluating conditions of vegetation • Good for evaluating moisture in soil • False-color adjusted • When frequencies of received data are shifted to allow or enhanced human viewing • Multi spectral • When more than a single “band” of energy is captured • Color is multi-spectral (3 bands) • Some satellites can have 7 or even more “bands” of sensitivity

40. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

41. The Visible Spectrum The visible spectrum is only a tiny window We are blind to 99.99% of the energy in the universe We have created devices that allow us to see beyond the range of human vision

42. Satellite Images • Weather satellite image: Winter in North America.

43. What are the spatial units for which data are collected? • Pixel or Picture Element • Smallest unit of data collection • Features smaller than the pixel size can’t be distinguished • Pixel Sizes • Landsat MSS = 79 meters • Landsat TM = 30 meters • SPOT = 10 meters • IKONOS = 1 meter • GeoEye-1 = 0.41 meters

44. Spatialresolutionkeeps gettingbetter... GeoEye-1

45. 1, 3, and10 meters Spatial resolution keeps getting better...

46. Temporal Resolution Remote sensing images begin to get old as soon as they are taken Satellites repeatedly circle the earth Airplanes must be commissioned every time they photograph (expensive). NJ aerial photography was taken 1995, 2002, and 2007. Statewide aerials often have to be taken in multiple years (95/97) (07/08)

47. What is GIS? Now that we’ve learned the essential elements that make up a GIS… …and have seen examples of how GIS is being used… …let’s take a look at the big picture.

48. GIS Is Evolving Systems Networks Projects Integrated Coordinated Cooperative Moving to the Internet and Web Services

49. How is GIS used? • Sometimes, the best way to learn about GIS is to see how it’s being used….. • Science • Emergency management • Government record-keeping • Business location • Environmental management • Planning • Crime mapping

50. Creating a Digital Earth Measuring and Integrating Spatial and Thematic Information . . . A Nervous System for Spaceship Earth