New Humanism

6. New Humanism

9. House of the Future

12. Palladian architecture

15. Exhibition – Parallel of Life and Art

19. CIAM and Team X

20. CIAM – Basic Principles/ Ideologies • The idea of Modern arch – link between architecture and economics • Economic efficiency – not max. production but min. working effort • Need for economic efficiency – impoverished economy • Most efficient method of production – rationalisation and standardisation • Rationalisation and standardisation react in 3 fold manner: • a) demand arch. Conceptions leading to simplification of working methods on the site and factory • b)building industry – less skilled force; more specialised labour • c)consumer/ customer – revised reduced needs • maximum satisfaction of greatest number • 1928 CIAM – signed by 24 architects • Emphasised ‘building’ rather than ‘architecture’ • BASIC IDEA – increasing housing production and superseding the ‘craft era’.

21. CIAM – 3 stages of development i)1928 – 33 1929 – Congress 1 Minimum building standards 1930 – Congress 2 Optimum height and block spacing Most efficient use of land and material 1933-47 Dominated by Corbusier Consciously shifted emphasis to town planning CIAM IV – most comprehensive from urbanistic standpoint The Functional City The Athens Charter Less practical but more visionary

22. Third and final stage of CIAM CIAM VI – attempted to transcend the abstract sterility of ‘functional city’ But no indication that they were realistically capable New affiliates – younger generation Disillusionment Restlessness DECISIVE SPLIT – CIAM IX -instead of alternative set of abstractions, searched for structural principles of Urban growth DISSATISFACTION WITH MODIFIED FUNTIONALISM AND IDEALISM OF CORBUSIER Responded to the simplistic model with a more complex pattern

23. Dwelling – green Working – red Cultivating body and mind yellow Circulation - blue

25. Critical drive – To find a more precise relationship between ‘physical form’ and ‘socio pshycological’ need Subject matter of CIAM X Last meeting – Team X Epitaph of CIAM written by Corbusier

26. Unite de habitation – Athens charter in practise

27. Corbusier hated the street

28. Urban re - identification grid of the Smithsons with street as a substantial component

29. Doorn manifesto

31. Alison and Peter Smithson

32. About them: -English architects -met while studying – married in 1949, established their own practice in 1950

33. What they were known for: • Deliberate lack of refinement as an opposition to high modernism • Leaders of New Brutalism • Social and anthropological underpinnings • Streets in the sky • Oppositions against simplified and reductive Urbanist traditions • Revolt against CIAM

34. Built projects: • Smithdon High School, Hunstanton, Norfolk (1949–1954) • The House of the Future exhibition (at the 1956 Ideal Home Show) • Sugden House, Watford • The Economist Building, Piccadilly, London (1959–1965) • Garden building, St Hilda's College, Oxford (1968) • Private house extension for Lord Kennet, Bayswater, London, 1968 • Robin Hood Gardens housing complex, Poplar, East London (1969–1972) • Buildings at the University of Bath, including the School of Architecture and Building Engineering (1988) • The last project the Cantilever-Chair Museum of the Bauhaus design company TECTA in Lauenfoerde / Germany • Unfortunately, Robin Hood Gardens suffered from high costs associated with the system selected and high levels of crime, all of which undermined the architects' vision of streets in the sky and their architectural reputation. With the exception of their work at Bath, they designed no further public buildings in Britain, relying instead mainly on private overseas commissions and Peter Smithson’s writing and teaching (he was a visiting professor at Bath from 1978 to 1990, and also a unit master at the Architectural Association School of Architecture).

35. Unbuilt projects: Coventry Cathedral unsuccessful competition entry, 1951 Golden Lane Estate unsuccessful competition entry, 1952 Sheffield University, unsuccessful competition entry British Embassy, Brasília, Competition winning design, unbuilt due to financial constraints, 1961

36. Golden Lane housing project • 1952 • London – bombed area reconstruction • IDEA – high density , low budget – need not result in poor quality of life • Brief – greatest possible number in terms of variety

37. 3 levels of streets in the air • Each level - deck • Each deck – 90 families – one social entity • Streets in the air – safe streets • All front doors open to deck – all backyards linked to deck • Always changing backyard • dead wall effect gone

38. Form and tectonics – Le Corbusier’s Unite d’ Habitation But streets in the air – Sociological interpretation

39. Housing can multiply to form network over existing city

42. Wide open space near the street 2 spacious courtyards at the back Modest community center and playground

43. 11 storeys – 9 accessible by 3 streets in the air, 2 from ground level Consn – 2 wings at right angles to rect block, or central block and 4 wings