Fall 2013 – Honors Final Exam Review

1. Fall 2013 – Honors Final Exam Review All of the information for the study guide is not included in this PPT. You will need notes, handouts, etc. from this semester to complete it. We will go over the entire study guide in class on Monday, December 16th.

2. Characteristics of an EPIC (Gilgamesh; Ramayana): • prologue • elaborate greetings • epic similes • lofty tone, digressions

3. EPIC CONFLICTS • menacing enemies • difficulties with fate • natural dangers • challenging decisions • moral dilemmas • trip to the underworld • problems with society

4. Characteristics of an EPIC HERO • Superhuman: braver, stronger, smarter, more clever than average person • Goes on a quest • Mixture of divine and human birth • Divine world (gods) interferes with the human world • Larger than life hero who embodies the values of a particular society

5. An ARCHETYPE • Settings: universe of opposites, underworld for the afterlife, paradise or paradise lost, landscape that emerges from chaos, river or water source • Symbols: numbers, sunrise/sunset, water, animals (i.e. snake, dove) • Characters: hero, helper, bad guy, outsider/outcast, scapegoat, mother figure (could be a goddess) • Plots: quest to do something daring or prove strength, quest to save or defend, quest to save or defend, quest to find important object (could be unobtainable), fall from paradise

6. PARALLELISM (Psalms; Qur’an, speeches) • a. Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and a pleasing personality. • b. In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and to appreciate good prose. • b. Coach Espinoza was a brilliant strategist, a caring mentor, and a wise friend.

7. 3 Types of irony • Dramatic – the audience is aware of something that the characters in a play are unaware of • Situational – the outcome of a situation or event is different than expected • Verbal – when the speaker says one thing but means the opposite • Provide examples from works we have read this semester!

8. Antithesis • Definition: Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence for achieving a contrasting effect. • Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses i.e.  The structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw listener’s or reader’s attention. • For example: “Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.” • Contrasting ideas of “a small step” and “a giant step” are used in the sentence above to emphasize the significance of one of the biggest landmarks of human history. **Find your OWN example for study guide!!**

9. LITERARY TERMS • tone – writer’s attitude toward reader and subject • onomatopoeia – use of words that imitate sounds (buzz, hiss, rustle) • alliteration – repetition of consonant sounds (“higher than those hills”) • assonance – repetition of vowel sounds • consonance – repetition of final consonant sounds (fear/fit, slick/slack)

10. LITERARY TERMS • connotation – associations a word calls to mind • metaphor – something is spoken as if it is something else (“insects were living jewels”) • simile - comparison using like or as • epic hero – see page 1 • theme - central idea, concern or purpose in a literary work

11. archetype – patterns in literature; include plot, setting, character, elements • quest – a long search for something; a journey • refrain – regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song • foreshadowing – hints of what is to come • apostrophe – something absent or dead or non human is addressed as if it were alive and able to reply

12. LITERARY TERMS • epic - long narrative poem about the adventures of a god or hero • symbol – sign, word, phrase or image that stands for/represents something else • imagery – descriptive language that appeals to one of the five senses • personification – non human subject is given human traits

13. GRAMMAR REVIEW • •A compound sentence is when two independent clauses are joined. These clauses are joined: • o with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS). Ex: The dog barked, and the cat meowed. With a semi colon Ex: The dog barked; it scared the baby.

14. •Commas are used to separate items in a series. Ex: At the store I bought an apple, an orange, and a banana. •Parallelism is used to create a similar structure for the items in a series. Ex: This weekend I am going to the mall, seeing a movie, and shopping for Christmas presents.

15. •A phrase is a group of related words without a subject and its verb. Itcan be removed, and a sentence still exists. Place a comma after a phrase at the beginning of a sentence. Ex: Walking to class, I studied for my test. •A prepositionalphrase shows the relationship and distance between two things. Ex: “under the desk” or “beside my car”

16. • A participlephrase consists of a verb used as an adjective. Most of the time it ends in –ing or –ed. o Ex: Rolling my eyes, I put my phone away like the teacher asked. • An appositivephrase describes a noun or pronoun and is usually framed by punctuation. o Ex: Ms. Stephenson, my fifth period teacher, was not here today.

17. A gerundphrase is a verb used as a noun. It always ends in –ing. So make sure you check to see if it could be a participle. Is it used as a noun or adjective? Ex: Swimming in the lake is my favorite thing to do in the summer. •Concretenouns can be perceived with your five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell ex: light, music, table Abstractnouns cannot be perceived with your senses. ex: curiosity, intelligence, love

18. Compound & Complex Sentences • Dependent Independent • When Susie gets home from school, she always takes a nap. • Joe likes spending time with his little brother; they often go to the park to play on the playground. • My best friend dressed as Snooki for Halloween, so I dressed as the Situation.

19. Phrase Types: • Gerund= verb acting as a noun, cannot be removed from sentence • Participle = verb acting as adjective (-ing) • Infinitive = to + verb • Appositive = renames noun directly in front of it; set off by commas • Preposition = shows location or time

20. 1.To further delay our plans would be a big mistake. preposition 2.A man fingering his sword welcomed them on board. participle 3.Organizing his work is never easy. gerund 4.I picked up my friend’s dog, Millie, from day care yesterday. appositive 5.It’s important to study so you do well on final exams. preposition 6.It is very difficult for me to do that. infinitive 7.Salting your food excessively can be unhealthy. gerund 8.He was the first person to eat raw snails. infinitive 9.You have to clean your room without help. preposition

21. I began to warm up, humming under my breath. participle 11.Shaking his burned fingers, Ben dropped his hot pan. participle 12.Selecting his club carefully, the golfer approached the tee. participle 13.Mr. Wilson gave a lecture about investing in international bonds. gerund 14.It began raining heavily. gerund 15.Lindsey, my younger sister by 5 years, is going to New York this summer. appositive

22. 16.Avoiding every possible issue, Senator Fogg concluded his lengthy talk. Participle 17.Taking a shortcut can be very dangerous. gerund 18.We got some pizza to take to the party. preposition 19.Mr. Smith, the world history teacher, is always making jokes in class. appositive 20.She is certain to take the job offer. infinitive

23. MLA Formatting • For this section of the review, I want you to look up this information on your own. That is the best way to learn and remember!  • Everything concerning MLA formatting on the study guide can be found here: • https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/