Gothic Art

1. Gothic Art Class of European History 2008 Oct 7

2. Names of Group Members: Shion Seino Eriya Terada

3. Table of Contents • 1. Title • 2. Names of Group Members • 3. Table of Contents • 4. Introduction • 5. (continued) • 6. Characteristics • 7. Early Gothic • 8. High Gothic • 9. Italian Gothic • 10. International Gothic • 11. Late Gothic • 12. Significance in Gothic Art • 13. (continued) • 14. Materials Used - Stained Glass • 15. Sculpture & Panel Painting • 16. Illuminated Manuscripts • 17. Terms Defined • 18. Works Cited

4. Introduction • Gothic art was an art movement that started from the Romanesque period in France during the 12th century and became the mainstream in the 13th century • It was the first style to be seen everywhere from spoons to shoes and internationally throughout Europe • This type of spread can be recognized as “fashion • The style as a whole is known for its unique arched designs in churches, its stained glasses, and its illuminated manuscripts • Even though it was a dark age for politics, it was a brilliant age for art St. Bridget’s mystical vision of God http://www.wga.hu/art/zgothic/miniatur/1401-450/2italian/02i_1400.jpg

5. Introduction • There are five phases in the Gothic era: • Early • High • Italian • International • Late • Paintings from these periods were greatly affected by how the architecture evolved St. Bridget’s mystical vision of God http://www.wga.hu/art/zgothic/miniatur/1401-450/2italian/02i_1400.jpg

6. Characteristics • As a whole, Gothic painting has: • Connections with Byzantine art • No perspective • Religious themes (Christianity) • Stylized images • Objects were merely symbols—the ideas were important Examples: • The dandelion - “the bitter herb” signifies the bitter end of Christ • A thorn cross - many paintings show baby Jesus is shown holding this, representing the crucifixion

7. Characteristics • Early Gothic • A softer and more realistic style than the preceding Byzantine art style → Byzantine painting Gothic painting Icon with the Archangel Gabriel The Last Judgement By Pietro Cavallini http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/a/images/angel_byz.gabriel.lg.jpeg http://www.wga.hu/art/c/cavallin/lastjudg/last_j_8.jpg

8. Characteristics • High Gothic • More drapery style and detail in the faces due to focus on light and shade The Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux By Jean Pucelle http://www.all-art.org/pucelle1.jpg

9. Characteristics • Italian Gothic • Artists realized that lighting could add more depth to the model, meaning more focus on light and shade • Advances were made in changing perspectives to describe the space being painted • Best painters were able to make the figures in the painting look as if they were communicating with each other by incorporating gestures and expressions The Nativity with the Prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel By Duccio di Buoninsegna http://www.insecula.com/PhotosNew/00/00/09/34/ME0000093496_3.JPG

10. Characteristics • International Gothic • This style was spread throughout Europe • Realism in detail and composition grew • Spanish painters at this time focused on textures and glowing surfaces of the flesh of the people being tormented Scene of the Martyrdom of Saint George By Andrés Marçal http://www.dornai.com/images/Danse_Macabre/Andres_MARZAL_DE_SAX.jpg

11. Characteristics • Late Gothic • Artists found that light can make up form, shape, texture, and along with a landscape, create mood Nativity By Robert Campin http://www.abcgallery.com/C/campin/campin1.JPG

12. Niccolo Gerini , Sant'Ambrogio Church The significance in most early Gothic Art was Christianity. The sculptures, paintings, stained glass were filled with images of Jesus and events related to Christianity. Since most of the people, especially the poor, were illiterate at that time, these works of art helped people understand more about Christianity and the teachings of God. The artwork had a spiritual significance to the people and therefore was considered more than just pieces of art on any wall. Also the paintings were more detailed in Gothic Art compared to Romanesque. Significance in Gothic Art

13. By the Late 14th Century, the once symbolic Christian style of art evolved into a more secular style of art - International Gothic • The paintings came to have a strange hybrid style, dark but uplifting with a more naturalistic touch. It was elegant with flowing lines and rich coloring. • These works of art reflect the face of the changing Europe, going from a dark and mysterious style to a more confident style of art. • Also the introduction of cheaper art materials during the 15th century even helped peasants have devotional images at home. Lorenzo Monaco, Egypt (1405) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lorenzo_Monaco_Egypt.jpg Gentile Da Fabriano, Adoration Of The Magi (1423) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg

14. Materials Used Stained Glass Two types of glass were used in Gothic stained glasses: Pot Glass and Flashed Glass. They were small and placed together with lead, then held together in a rigid frame. Pot Glass was a uniform color, made by adding oxides of iron, copper and cobalt. Flashed Glass was made to prevent opaqueness. Stained glasses were used to show and teach the stories from the Bible to the illiterate people. The brighter the glass looked, the better it was—light signified God and or Jesus. ↑ An example of a Gothic stained glass. http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/stained_glass/oz_24438501.html ↑An example of a flashed glass. http://www.sandcarver.org/images/Image1b.jpg

15. Sculpture Same as the Romanesque period, sculptures were mostly made in conjunction areas of an architecture. They were mostly made from marble, stone, wood, and limestone. Panel Painting Panel Paintings were paintings drawn onto panels made from wood. The wood was either a single piece or several pieces of wood stuck together. This was commonly used until the way of using canvas appeared in the 16th century. Gothic Sculpture from the 15th century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gothic_sculpture_15_century.jpg Hubert Van Eyck, “The Adoration Of The Lamb”

16. lluminated Manuscripts Most illuminated manuscripts were written onto parchment. Parchment at that time was made from calf, sheep, or goat skin. Since these manuscripts were important enough to be illuminated compared to other manuscripts, they were written and preserved on best quality parchments. These high quality parchments, called Vellum, were made from unsplit calf skin. In the late Middle Ages, manuscripts started to be written onto paper. Early works of printed material left spaces in the top left corner for the illuminated letters to be drawn. ←Fragment Of A Gradual. 14th Century The Great Chronicle Of France→ (c. 1375)

17. Terms Defined • Illiterate – unable to read and write. • Hybrid - bred from two distinct races, breeds, varieties, species, or genera. • Oxides – a compound of oxygen with another element or radical. • Opaqueness – Not shining or bright. Not translucent. • Cobalt – a silvery whitish metallic element. • Limestone - a sedimentary rock. Often used as building stone. • Byzantine art - art of the Byzantine Empire (4th century to year 1453) • Romanesque art - art of Western Europe from year 1000 to the13th century

18. Works Cited • Camille, Michael. Gothic Art: Glorious Visions. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1996. • "Gothic art." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 16 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239728/Gothic-art>. • "History of Art: From Paleolithic Age to Contemporary Art." History of Art. 27 Aug 2008. 14 Sep 2008 <http://www.all-art.org/history194_introduction2.html>. • "Gothic Art." Ethnic Paintings. 12September 2008. <http://www.ethnicpaintings.com/popular-painting-styles/gothic-art.html>. • "Gothic Painting." Ok-arts. 12September 2008. < http://ok-arts.blogspot.com/2006/10/gothic-painting.html>. • Lorenzo Monaco. Egypt. 16 September 2008. <http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/f/fd/400px-Lorenzo_Monaco_Egypt.jpg>. • “Gothic Painting.” Web Gallery Of Art. 16 September 2008 http://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/p_14_15.html • “Database Of European Fine Arts.“ Web Gallery Of Arts. 17September 2008. < http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/zgothic/miniatur/1351-400/index.html>.