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Helga Aune, Postdoktor Dept. of Public and Int. law Oslo, 26. April 2012

The Right to Education Human Rights instruments, EU and National legislation Legal Norms in a plural cultural and gendered reality. Helga Aune, Postdoktor Dept. of Public and Int. law Oslo, 26. April 2012.

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Helga Aune, Postdoktor Dept. of Public and Int. law Oslo, 26. April 2012

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  1. The Right to Education Human Rights instruments, EU and National legislation Legal Norms in a plural cultural and gendered reality Helga Aune, Postdoktor Dept. of Public and Int. law Oslo, 26. April 2012

  2. I – Education, a fundamental rightand a precondition to securetheother human rights • An individual right – a groundedperspective • A universal right – differentstatesfacedifferentchallenges • A commonquestion – howmaythe legal norms work as tools for ensuringthe right to education

  3. Identifyingthe right to education • Legal rights • Values 2.Complexrealityof lives - family, religion, culture, ethnicity, gender - specialindividualneeds Legal norms interactwithother norms (social, cultural, religious) 3.Ensuringthe right - Responsibility, control and sanctions

  4. The Education Sector – an intersectionwherevariousprofessionsmeet Various standards professionally; all obliged to fullfill therequirementsaccording to thelaw, but not necessarilylawtrained: • Civiladministration • Schoolleaders /Kindergartens • Teachers

  5. Academicresearch • Women`s/girlspositionsconstructedwithinsocialinstitutions: family, religion, ethnicgroups( Stang Dahl, Anne Hellum, Sally Moore) • Important to have knowledgeaboutexistingcultural and normative diversity in order to understand theeffectthis has ongirlssocial and legal position • State responsibility: ensure all citizenstheir legal rights within a civilstatedemocracy

  6. Universal Human Rights instruments • THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1948) • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) • UN Convention on the Elimination of all kinds of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1981)

  7. Universal Human Rights instruments, cont. • Int. CovenantonEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) • Int. CovenantonCivil and Political Rights (ICCP) • ILO – Convention 117 • UNESCO Convention on Prohibition ofDiscrimination in Education

  8. Regional Human Rights instruments • European Convention on Human Rights (1950) • African Charter on Human and People`s Rights (1981) • American Convention on Human Rights (1978)

  9. Regional level, cont. • EU • EEA (European Economic Area) Recognition of professional qualifications – Directive 2005/36/EC • Free movement of employment, services and goods • State aid (statsstøtteordninger) • Fundamental Principles for the Union/EEA non-discrimination

  10. The National State • Localgovernance – theschoolowners (municipality + few private) • The individual student • Right to education, right to privacy, family, health, goodlearning/workingconditions • The long-termeffectofeducation The interestof: - parents -differentprofessions

  11. DESIGN OF LEGISLATION • Education law, civiladministrationlaw, tort/compensationlaw, employmentlaw, familylaw, healthlaw, anti-discriminationlaw • Legal standards: More or less discretion in choicesofsolutions, or defined limits • classroomsof 27 students or ”base” roomswith 60 students in a class? • safe and sound learningenvironment? • adequateleveloflearning?

  12. DESIGN OF LEGISLATION, cont. • Acts and Regulations - Howmany? • Adm. Guidelines (Rundskriv) – informationabouttheinterpretationofacts and regulations • Circulars (Veiledere) - informationaboutcertaintopics from theDirectorateof Education The amountofdetails in explaininghow to fulfill a legal obligation, maydependingonits form – narrowthediscretionalroomprescribed in theactitself OR it mayhelpensurethe right oftheindividual

  13. II – Legal obligations • The values to be protected • Dignity • Freedom • Equality • Education shallenable all persons to participate in society

  14. THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 26. (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

  15. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

  16. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

  17. European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Protocol 1, Article 2 – Right to Education ”No person shall be deniedthe right to education. In theexerciseofanyfunctionswhich it assumes in relation to education and teaching, the State shallrespectthe right ofparents to ensuresucheducation and to teaching in conformitywiththeirownreligious and philosophicalconvictions

  18. ECHR Article 14 – Prohibition ofdiscrimination ..rights and freedomssetforth in this Convention shall be securedwithoutdiscriminationonanygroundsuch as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or socialorigin, associationwithminority, property, birth or other status

  19. EU - Charter of Fundamental Rights PREAMBLE The peoplesofEurope, areresolved to share a peacefulfuturebasedoncommonvalues, The union is foundedontheindivisble, universal valuesof human dignity, freedom, equality and solidarity, basedontheprinciplesofdemocracy and theruleoflaw.

  20. ECHR Cases - ”Education” 1) Framingofissue: • mentionedinitially, but … (A) environmentalinterests (B) violence and health 2) Freedomof religion 3) Segregation/discrimination or separate classesbasedonspecialneeds…

  21. 1 A) Education- environment Cases: (Chapman), Coster, (Beard), Lee and Smith v The UK (2001) • Gypsies, all bougt land and stationedtheir caravans without planning permission(right to private and familylifearticle 8 vers. Communitysenvironmentalinterests) • No violationofArticle 2 ofProtocol 1 • Coster, nowthechildrenhadleftschool • Lee, childrenhadbeenattendingschool • Smith, childrenhadbeenattendingschool

  22. 1B) Education – Violence Stronglyaffectstheability to learn Z and Others v. The UK (2001) • Failureoflocalauthority to protectthechildrenagainst inhumane, degradingtreatment in family, violationof art. 3, 13 • Compensation for past and futurepecuniary and non-pecuniary losses • A (not integrated to theeducation system) • B (in school, specialneedsgroup, will have problem obtaining and sustainingemployment) • C+Z (in school, butneedfuturepsychotherapeuticcare)

  23. 2) Education – freedomof religion • Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen (1976) – right to educationaboutreproductive rights and sexuality v parentsreligiousbeliefs • Leyla Sahin (2005) – headscarf • Folgerø (2007) – curriculum • Lautsi (2011) – crusifix

  24. 3) Education- segregation/discrimination • D.H v. Czech (2007) • Orsus v Croatia (2010) • A HighSchool story from Oslo (2011)

  25. D.H v. Czech (2007) Czech Roma childrenplaced in specialschoolsbasedonspecificeducaionalneeds, mappedafter a varietyof tests, consentofparents • more basic curriculum and thesegregationthe system causes • Parental consent not acceptable at the risk ofracialdiscrimination

  26. D.H v. Czech (2007) cont. • Legislationappliedresulting in a disproportionatenumberof Roma childrenbeingplaced in specialschoolswithoutjustification • Judgment (13-4) Violationof art. 14 in conjunctionwithArticle 2 Protocol 1

  27. D.H v. Czech (2007), para 206 Wheneverdiscretioncapableofinterferingwiththeenjoymentof a Convention right is conferredonnationalauthorities, theproceduralsafeguardsavailable to theindividualwill be especially material in determiningwhetherthe State has, whenfixingtheregulatoryframework, remainedwithinits margin ofappreciation

  28. Orsus & Others v Croatia (2010) • Facts similar to D.H., butparents to non-Romachildrenwere to stage a demonstration in front oftheschooldenying Roma childrenaccess to theschool • ViolationofArticle 14 in conjunctionwithArticle 2 ofProtocol 1 (Judg.9-8) • Dissenting opinions (8): language deficit a resultofobviouslackof parental support, objectivereason for differenttreatmentbasedonspecialneeds

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