REM 650: Sustainable Energy & Materials Management

REM 650:Sustainable Energy & Materials Management Resources and Uses Mark Jaccard Energy and Materials Research Group School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Environment Resources: energy & materials Economy: energy & material transformation Wastes: energy & materials Sustainability concerns: resource scarcity & environmental harm Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Coverage Resources vs reserves / conventional vs unconventional Reserves / production / trade Coal Oil Natural Gas Uranium and nuclear power Renewables Energy use by region, country, sector and end-use Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Resources & reserves Resource – the total stock (or flow) of a defined element, compound or physical attribute (like wind or falling water) of potential value to humans Reserve – a subset of a resource, known with some precision in specific locations, that is technologically feasible and economically profitable (or almost profitable) for humans to exploit (innovations or changing markets affect the estimated reserve size – see McKelvey box) Conventional vs unconventional – variants of a resource that were originally, and usually most easily, exploited by humans are considered “conventional” while newer more-difficult-to-exploit variants requiring innovations are considered “unconventional.” (over time, some unconventional resources shift to being considered conventional – like offshore oil and enhanced oil recovery) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Reserves & resources: McKelvey box Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

World primary energy Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Fossil fuels Organic compounds formed over millions of years as carbon and other elements from dead animals and plants was accumulated, compacted and transformed by sedimentary and geological processes Coal – carbonaceous sedimentary rock formed by the compaction of partially decomposed plant material Oil – liquid hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes (unconventional includes tar sands, heavy oil, shale oil) Natural gas – gaseous hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes (unconventional includes deep pressurized gas and shale gas) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Coal Coal – carbonaceous sedimentary rock formed by the compaction of partially decomposed plant material in swamps (as peat), and eventually transformed to coal of various qualities under pressure in sedimentary strata (coal is mined deep underground or removed at the surface) Coal rank – value of coal, which depends on its carbon purity. (Highest value coals are used for making steel (metallurgical coal), lower qualities are burned to generate electricity or heat.) (Coal can be converted to gas (town gas) or liquid as synthetic gasoline or diesel.) Rankings from highest to lowest quality. • Anthracite (almost pure carbon) • Bituminous • Sub-bituminous • Lignite (brown coal) • Peat (some classification systems refer to peat as a form of coal) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Initial coal formation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Coal seams to coal mines Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Coal reserves Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Coal trade flows Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Oil Oil – liquid hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes over millions of years Conventional oil – oil trapped in porous sedimentary rock under an impervious layer which its own pressure will drive to the surface through a drilled well (continuous innovations have enabled industry to exploit oil deposits that are deeper, smaller and under the ocean) Enhanced oil recovery – a fluid or gas is pumped into a depleted reservoir to recover lost pressure and raise extraction rates from 30-40% to 60-70% Unconventional oil sources – heavy oil, tar sands (oil sands), shale oil Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Oil formation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Oil and gas reservoirs Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Enhanced oil recovery Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Fossil fuels Reserve / production ratio = proven reserve / annual production = years of production remaining if no addition to reserves Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Oil exporters Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Oil trade flows Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Canadian oil production forecast(CAPP 2011) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Existing and proposed oil pipelines Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Natural gas Natural gas – a mostly gaseous hydrocarbon (at surface temperature and pressure) formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes Found in sedimentary layers under a cap of impervious rock, sometimes by itself, sometimes mixed with oil (associated gas). Natural gas reservoirs are mostly methane (CH4) but may also contain water, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and carbon dioxide. Gas processing plants strip much of these molecules to produce market-quality natural gas. Unconventional gas sources – deep pressurized gas, coal-bed methane, tight gas, shale gas, gas hydrates Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Natural gas formation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Shale gas Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Natural gas productionIEA Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Natural gas trade Natural gas trade (w/ LNG) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Nuclear power & uranium Nuclear power – energy released during the rearrangement of nuclear particles in the processes of fission and fusion. Some of the nuclear mass is converted into heat energy, which can be used to produce steam for electricity generation. Nuclear fission – the splitting of an unstable, heavy atom nucleus (such as a uranium isotope) into two lighter nuclei; can be produced as a controlled chain reaction. Nuclear fusion – the combining of the nuclei of two light atoms (such as hydrogen) into the nucleus of a heavier atom (such as helium) Uranium – since fusion is not currently viable, all nuclear power involves fission of uranium, so uranium resources are key Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Uranium production Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Renewables Solar – solar radiation drives biotic and abiotic processes (photosynthesis to produce biomass, hydrological cycle, wind, waves from wind; thermal energy and photovoltaic energy) Wind – movement of air resulting from uneven solar heating of land and sea Ocean thermal – energy from difference between cold depths and solar heating of surface Biomass – carbohydrates of plants and sometimes animal waste; solids can be converted into liquid and gaseous forms of hydrocarbons Hydropower – water flowing downhill, the result of solar energy and gravity Geothermal – high temperature pockets near the surface of the earth’s crust, a legacy of agglomeration pressure in creation of the earth and heat from radioactive decay in the core Ocean tidal – ocean currents caused mostly by gravitational force of earth & moon Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Global renewable electricity generation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Hydropower Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Wind Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Geothermal Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Energy use Secondary energy – energy that has been processed for use by an end-use device to provide energy services (end-uses) (RPPs, electricity, hydrogen) Refined petroleum products – hydrocarbon products made from conventional and unconventional oil (and potentially from coal and natural gas) – includes ethane, propane, butane, pentane, gasoline, diesel, kerosene (jet fuel), heating oil, bunker oil, bitumen, asphalt Electricity – energy resulting from the flow of charged particles (electrons) in a conducting medium; electric current is the flow of electrons through an electrical conductor Hydrogen – the lightest and most abundant element in the universe (about 90% by weight) but only a minute fraction of air; if isolated, can be combusted or used in a fuel cell as an energy carrier, like electricity Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Refined petroleum products Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

Energy demand growth:EIA- Quadrillion BTUs Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

REM 650: Sustainable Energy & Materials Management