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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the classification of organisms - necessary to intelligently study living things and share information Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Classification began in Europe with two categories - plants & animals

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy • Taxonomy is the classification of organisms - necessary to intelligently study living things and share information • Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. • Classification began in Europe with two categories - plants & animals • Aristotle expanded taxonomy to several Animal levels • Exploration & microbiology sparked two major explosions in classification

  2. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Earliest version of modern day organized approach – He was Swedish • Characteristics we can see- Phenetic approach • Morphology - basic shape • Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax…) • Structure - bone and external supports • Anatomy - muscle & organs • Described 1,000’s of plants & animals in: System Naturae and Species Plantarum

  3. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) • (Domain Eukarya) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  4. Human Taxonomy Eric Huffman Period Five Class of 2004

  5. Domain: Eukarya Characteristics of Domain Eukarya: -Eukaryotic cells -Complicated cells -Unicellular (some Protists and yeasts), Colonial (some Protists) or Multicellular (most ---Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) organisms

  6. Kingdom: Animalia Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia - multicellular / eukaryotic - lack cell walls - ingestive heterotrophic (herbivores, carnivores, parasites, etc.) - motile - store glycogen and fat - nerve cells and muscle cells (neuromuscular system) - sexual/asexual reproduction

  7. Phylum: Chordata Characteristics of Phylum Chordata: -A dorsal, hollow nerve chord -A notochord (cartilage rod) at some time during development -gill slits at some time during development -A muscular post-anal tail at some during development Subphylum: Vertabrata -Notochord develops into vertebrae

  8. Class: Mammalia • Characteristics of Class Mammalia: • - Body covered with hair, reduced in some. • - Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous and mammary glands. • - Mouth with teeth. • - Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears. • - Four limbs in most, adapted for many forms of locomotion. • - Four-chambered heart. • Respiration system with lungs and larynx; muscular diaphragm. • Brain highly developed. • Endothermic • Internal fertilization; eggs developed in a uterus with placental attachment. • -Young nourished by milk from mammary glands. • - The presence of a placenta during development.

  9. Order: Primates • Characteristics of Order Primates: • General primate behavioral characteristics: • many generalized mammalian characteristics rather than specialized adaptations to narrow niches; • basic arboreal adaptation, especially to tropical forests, although some species have become terrestrial; • - excellent manual dexterity; • - well developed sense of sight; • - good hand-eye co-ordination; • cerebral cortex highly organized, involving a dependence upon • learned behavior; • - long infant dependency periods; • - complex social organizations.

  10. General primate anatomical features: -hands: -prehensile with opposable thumbs; -tactile pads and nails on fingers and toes; -adapted for precision grip; -facilitating feeding and locomotion in the trees; -mobile arms: posture frees arms and hands for grasping; -eyes: -binocular vision; -color vision; -skull contains post-orbital bars for protection of eyes; -development of visual organs is achieved at the expense of olfactory organs; -face: large eyes and brain and reduced snout area; -large brains: especially in cerebral cortex; -bear single offspring.

  11. Family: Hominidae Characteristics of Family Hominidae: Hominids characteristic can be divided into two types: -primitive, or generalized, characteristics, which are held in common with other species within a more comprehensive group (primates, anthropoids, catarrhines, and hominoids); and; -derived, or specialized, characteristics, which are distinct to hominid lines and are not shared with non-human primate species.

  12. Binomial Nomenclature Homo Sapien Characteristics of the Genus Homo: -teeth: small front teeth (canines and incisors) and very large molars relative to other primate species; - posture: bipedal, involving numerous anatomical adaptations including: - a fully erect stance and gait, - shortening of the arms relative to the legs, - restructuring of the pelvic bones for weight bearing, - restructuring of the foot or weight bearing, involving the loss of toe opposability; -hands: increased manual dexterity involving a lengthening of the thumb; -brain: increase in brain size, especially in the frontal lobes; - face: reduction in the musculature and bone mass of the skull and face involving a flattening of the muzzle area.

  13. Homo Sapians • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Primates • Family: Hominidae • Genus: Homo • Species:Sapiens

  14. Phenetic Approach - (remember phenotype) Latin (dead language) - binomial nomenclature Species and genus always italicized or underlined Species is the basic unit - organisms share common gene pool & can reproduce viable offspring genus - contains one or more species 2 million described, estimated 10 million left International Commission on Nomenclature

  15. Ligers “Hobbs” • Liger = lion dad and tiger mom • born sterile • Hobbs the liger is 2x the size of a full grown Siberian tiger

  16. Liger

  17. Tigons • Tigon = tiger dad and lion mom • born sterile

  18. Wolphin Laura Ismar Class of 2006

  19. Wolphin • Top to bottom • False Killer Whale (Dad- I`anui Hahai ), Bottlenose Dolphin (Mom- Punahele ) • & Wolphin - Keikaimalu Edwin Arboleda & Darshan Brahmbhatt Class of 2006

  20. Her birth on May 15, 1985 was a big surprise for the Sea Life Park staff. Her mother, a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and her father, a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), met on the job in the Whaler's Cove show. Since they were two very different animals, it was not expected that they would produce an offspring, but they did, making Kekaimalu the world's only known living wholphin. She has developed into a unique animal combining characteristics of both of her parents.

  21. Maggie Carlsson Class of 2006

  22. Hybrid Animals By Hilary Ellis, Class 2007

  23. Mule & Hinney • The Hinney is a result of breeding a female donkey/burro to a male horse. • The mule is a result of breeding a female horse to a male donkey.

  24. Wholphin • The result of mixing a whale and a dolphin. In this case, a Killer Whaleand a Bottlenose Dolphin.

  25. Lepon • The Lepon is a result in mixing a male leopard to a female lion.

  26. Jaglion • The Jaglion is a result in breeding a jaguar with a lion.

  27. Caraval Cross • The Caraval is the result of breeding a male Caracal with a female Serval.

  28. Manchurian / Siberian Tiger Cross • This tiger is the result of breeding a Manchurian tiger with a Siberian Tiger.

  29. Geep • Result in mixing a sheep with a goat.

  30. Polecat / Ferret Cross • This hybrid is the result of breeding a Wild EuropeanPolecat and a domesticated "European" Polecat. • It is suspected that the European polecat is the wild ancestor to today’s domestic pets. • Domesticated Polecats are commonly called ferrets.

  31. Chausie Cat • A chausie cat is the result of breeding a Jungle cat with a domesticated cat.

  32. Pumapard • The pumapard is the result of breeding together a puma and a leopard.

  33. Bengal Cat • The bengal cat is the result of a domesticated Cat and the wild Asian Leopard cat.

  34. Savannah Cat • The savannah cat is the result in cross – breeding a domesticated Bengal cat with a wild Serval.

  35. Bobcat/ Lynx Cross • This hybrid is a result of breeding a bobcat with a lynx.

  36. Tabby/ African Wild Cat Cross This hybrid is the result in breeding an American wild cat with a domestic tabby cat.

  37. Ocelot/ Puma Cross • This cat’s (artistic conception) is the result of breeding a Puma with an Ocelot.

  38. Hybrid Dogs • Dogote – By breeding a domestic dog with a coyote. • Coydog – By breeding any domestic dog with a coyote.

  39. Yakalo • A yakalo is the result in breeding a buffalo and a yak.

  40. Yak / Milk Cow Cross • This Yak cross is the result of breedinga Yak and domestic milk cows.

  41. Beefalo • The Beefalo is a cross between a American Bison with a domestic cow.

  42. Zorse • The Zorse is a result in breeding a female horse and a male zebra.

  43. Zonkey • A Zonkey is the result of breeding a female donkey/ Borro/ ass with a male zebra.

  44. Zetland • The Zetland is a result of breeding a female Shetland Pony (mare) to a male zebra.

  45. Cama • This hybrid is a result in mixing a Llama with a Camel. • The parents are in the background of the picture.

  46. Pig/ Wild Pig Cross • This hybrid is the result of breeding a Wild pig with a domestic pig.

  47. Snowflake • This is the only albino gorilla ever known in science. • Snowflake was captured in the African lowlands in 1966. • Last known this gorilla was in Spain at the Barcelona Zoo for about 20 years. • Sadly, this 40 year old gorilla died in 2004 of skin cancer.

  48. Phylogenetic Approach • Classifying based on homologies - traits based on the assumption of a common history (evolution) • paleontology - fossil records • embryological development • comparative anatomy • genetic information - DNA, RNA & amino acids • molecular clocks - estimate the time it takes to observe a genetic change in the population

  49. Patterns of Evolution • Natural selection is the driving force • Convergent - 2 unrelated species look similar due to the environment - arctic white hair • Co-evolution - 2 unrelated species effect each others development - rabbit and wolf • Divergent - 2 related species that take on different characteristics - finches beak shape - 13 varieties

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