News Literacy

1. News Literacy What is News? What is Literacy?

2. First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Video (see 5 Freedoms PPt)

3. In School Pennsylvania School Code Title 22, Section 12.9 The right of public school students to freedom of speech is guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the Commonwealth Students shall have the right to express themselves UNLESS the expression materially and substantially interferes with the educational process, threatens serious harm to the school or community, encourages unlawful activity, interferes with another individual’s rights

4. Supreme Court Rulings Tinker v Des Moine (1969) 3 public school students wore black armbands to school to protest the US government’s policies in Vietnam. Suspended Students sued district US Supreme Court: Schools cannot prohibit expressions of opinion without evidence that the expression disrupts the environment and or interferes with the rights of others. “STUDENTS DO NOT SHED THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AT THE SCHOOLHOUSE GATE.” (Tinker Standard)

5. Hazelwood v Kulmeier (1983) This ruling was a dramatic break from nearly two decades of law that had given student journalists extensive First Amendment protections. Court Ruling: Administrators may censor the content of school newspapers. Background: The principal of Hazelwood East High School censored two articles in the school paper that he deemed inappropriate, stories on pregnancy and divorce. The student authors argued that this violated their First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The Supreme Court disagreed, stating that administrators can censor a school-sponsored newspaper because it was part of a journalism class and not a “forum for public expression” for students. Court Decision: It was not unreasonable for the principal to conclude that “frank talk” by students about their sexual history and use of birth control was inappropriate in a school-sponsored publication distributed to a 14-year-old freshman. So, what’s a forum for public expression?

7. In the News Off-campus speech (court rulings) Off-campus speech in Florida FB and athletes

8. News Literacy concepts • Read and Reflect on the handout with a partner. • Share what you’ve learned

9. What makes a story newsworthy? The elements of news • Timeliness: It happened recently (it’s NEWs) – a fire at the KOP mall happens today • Proximity: closeness, either because of geographical location or relationship – Irish Road is under construction • Prominence: the event or person is prominent (elected, wealthy, famous) – if I get my hair caught in a fan it’s not news, if Beyonce does, it’s news • Consequence: the subject of a story has an impact on how people live their lives – a new curfew takes effect for anyone under 18 • Human Interest: we’re interested in it because it appeals to our emotions, giving us a feeling of excitement, warmth, sadness, etc. – 25 puppies found in an abandoned house • Conflict: Any time there is a struggle, such as war, politics, sports – conflict in Iraq; Stoga football game • You try (handout). . .

10. Where do you get your news? • Newspaper? • Radio? • TV? • Internet? • Social Media? • Word of Mouth?

11. Types of news • Hard News • Soft News or Features • Opinion • Sports

12. Read chapter four in textbook • Respond to what you read on the worksheet • Review • AP Wire Service: why it’s important to re-write copy • History of Journ PPt.

13. 5 Ws and an H • Who? • What? • When? • Where ? • Why? • How?

14. Inverted Pyramid (handout)

15. Summary Lede vs. Delayed Lede with nut graf A delayed lede contains a nut graf. The story starts with something that catches attentionbefore moving onto the 5Ws and H. • Anecdotal lede David and Kay Craig's two-year-old marriage is a second one for both and their story is one that is being repeated with increasing frequency across the country. Each was married for the first time at 18. David's marriage lasted through five years and two children. Kay's first marriage ended in divorce after a year and eight months. The Craigs (not their real name) are among the 13 million Americans who, according to the Census Bureau, at one time or another have been through a divorce. More than four million Americans currently list their marital status as divorced. The rate of divorces in this country has been and still is steadily increasing.

16. Delayed Ledes • Descriptive lede (scene setting) From Dan Ralescu’s sun-warmed beach chair in Thailand, the Indian Ocean began to look, oddly, not so much like waves but bread dough. • Quotation lede ``I was furious that that disreputable young man had the audacity to sit in my antique rosewood chair.'' That's how tiny, 82-year-old Louise Freeland today described her brush with a gun-toting escaped convict whom she talked into surrendering to Sheriff's officers. Question lede Direct address lede

17. Deconstructing News Stories • How long is a news story? What does it include? How are interviews included? • Take a look at the sample news stories and deconstruct according to the directions.

18. Bias • Types 1. Bias by omission: • leaving out facts that you don't "like" or you don't "think are true." Or, leaving out an important perspective. 2. Bias by selection of sources: • including sources that only support one view. Including sources that are trying to further their own agenda. 3. Bias by story selection: • choosing stories that further a cause, or ignoring stories that you don't like or that might cause trouble for friends. 4. Bias by word choice: • using loaded words or labels that convey certain meanings instead of more neutral terms ("freedom fighter v. terrorist”; “egotistical v. confident”; more than 900 attend protest v. fewer than 1,000 attend protest )

19. Are we censoring ourselves? “The Filter Bubble” As web companies strive to tailor their services (including news and search results) to our personal tastes, there's a dangerous unintended consequence: We get trapped in a "filter bubble" and don't get exposed to information that could challenge or broaden our worldview. Eli Pariser argues powerfully that this will ultimately prove to be bad for us and bad for democracy. Pioneering online organizer Eli Pariser is the author of "The Filter Bubble," about how personalized search might be narrowing our worldview

20. What happens when the journalist is notprepared for an interview? • Foxnews.com interview with Reza Aslan, a religious scholar with a Ph.D. in the sociology of religions from the University of California and author of the new book, Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth

21. Pointing the Finger • New York Times • New York Daily News

22. Media Bias in Photos

23. Political Cartoons

24. Satire • Satire uses humor and imitation to attack and ridicule individuals’ moral and character flaws, such as vice, unfairness, stupidity or vanity. • Satire is a means of criticizing public figures, exposing political injustice, communicating social ideologies, and pursuing such artistic ends as literary criticism. • The First Amendment protects satire and parody as a form of free speech and expression. • Libel: false, published statement that harms reputation

25. Types of Satire • Parody: Imitation of the style of a person or thing for comedic effect • Inflation: taking a real-life situation and blowing it out of proportion to make it ridiculous and showcase its faults • Diminution: taking a real-life situation and reducing it to make it ridiculous and showcase its faults • Caricature: over-emphasis/exaggeration of a person who is well-known. His/her qualities are exaggerated.

26. Satire/Parody • Ron Burgundy • The Daily Show • SNL Weekend Update • The Borowitz Report

27. The Onion • The Onion online

28. Deconstruction • Complete the satire worksheet with your group

29. Creation • Choose a story that’s in the news and write a satirical piece. • The story should • Be familiar enough that we’ll “get” its connection to a real event/person • Be obviously satirical. Employ parody, inflation, diminution and/or caricature • Short: 75-100 words should do it • Typed, double-spaced, 12-pt. TNR font, MLA format