The ICPD Programme of Action and International Migration at the Start of the 21st Century

1. The ICPD Programme of Action and International Migration at the Start of the 21st Century Ronald C. Schoenmaeckers, Ph.D. Scientific Director CBGS CBGS - Population and Family Study Centre (Flemish Community, Belgium)

2. The objective of this presentation is to give a statistical overview on international migration … in not more than 20 minutes. CBGS

3. “Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.”“Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.” Article 13, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the UN on 10 December, 1948 CBGS

4. As ‘objectives’, the PoA states (para 10.2): (a) To address the root causes of migration, especially those related to poverty; (b) To encourage more co-operation and dialogue between countries of origin and countries of destination in order to maximise the benefits of migration to those concerned and increase the likelihood that migration has positive consequences for the development of both sending and receiving countries; (c) To facilitate the reintegration process of returning migrants. CBGS

5. As part of the list of ‘actions’ to be taken, the PoA mentions, among others: (a) “Governments of countries of origin and of countries of destination should seek to make the option of remaining in one’s country viable for all people. To that end, efforts to achieve sustainable economic and social development, ensuring a better economic balance between developed and developing countries and countries with economies in transition should be strengthened” (para 10.3); (b) “Governments of countries of destination are invited to consider the use of certain forms of temporary migration, such as short-term and project-related migrations, as a means of improving the skills of nationals of countries of origin, especially developing countries and countries with economies in transition” (para 10.5). CBGS

6. Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major area CBGS

7. 190m 75m Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major area LDR MDR CBGS

8. 190m • A nearly threefold increase over last 45 years • About 63% of all migrants worldwide are in More Developed Countries 75m Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major area LDR MDR CBGS

9. Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region CBGS

10. Asia Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region CBGS

11. Asia Europe Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region CBGS

12. Asia Europe N.America Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region CBGS

13. Asia Europe N.America Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region Africa CBGS

14. Asia Europe N.America Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region Africa L.America CBGS

15. Asia Europe N.America Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region Africa L.America Oceania CBGS

16. Important differences between regions • Largest relative increases are observed for Europe and Northern America Asia Europe N.America Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 By major region Africa L.America Oceania CBGS

17. World average Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 As percentage of the population 3.0% 2.5% CBGS

18. Oceania (>15%) N.America (13%) Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 As percentage of the population By major region Europe (8%) CBGS

19. World average 50% Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 Share of female migrants 47% CBGS

20. N.America Africa Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 Share of female migrants By major region Asia CBGS

21. N.America • In Northern America (and since shortly also in Europe, Oceania, and Latin America) about 51% of migrants are women • Sharp increase in the number of female migrants in Africa (while decline in Asia) Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 Share of female migrants By major region Africa Asia CBGS

22. 12% (1990) World average Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 Share of refugees 7% CBGS

23. 12% (1990) • Erratic pattern • Number of refugees is function of conflict • The latter becomes especially obvious when looking at the numbers by region World average Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 Share of refugees 7% CBGS

24. 33% 36% Africa Asia L.America Trend in total migrant stock (millions), 1960-2005 Share of refugees By major region CBGS

25. Net migration rate = in-migration – out-migration per 100 population Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 CBGS

26. Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe CBGS

27. Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

28. Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

29. Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

30. Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

31. S Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

32. S TR Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

33. Relatively low net migration rate (on ‘average’, only 0.5%) • Quite large differences between individual countries • Important fluctuations by year • Some ‘migrant’ countries may also be countries of destination for other countries (e.g. TR) S TR Net migration in Europe, 1960-2002/3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR CBGS

34. Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 CBGS

35. B Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 CBGS

36. A B Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 CBGS

37. A B Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 E CBGS

38. A B S Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 E CBGS

39. A B S Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 E DK CBGS

40. A • Some countries have experienced a threefold increase since the 1970s • However, with the exception of Luxembourg, where since 1991 proportions of more than 30% are observed (not shown), in no country the foreign population exceeds 9.5% of the total population B S Percentage of foreign population, 1971-2004 Former EU15 E DK CBGS

41. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 CBGS

42. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 B CBGS

43. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 B I CBGS

44. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 P B I CBGS

45. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 P A B I CBGS

46. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 • Fluctuations by year (depending on economic achievement) • Differences between countries, e.g. Ireland (not shown) experiencing increases of more than x4 • The median indicates an overall increase of foreign labour migration of 12% per annum P A B I CBGS

47. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 P A B I CBGS

48. Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 P A B Md I CBGS

49. Recent trends in asylum applications, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 CBGS

50. Recent trends in asylum applications, 1998-2002 Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 S CBGS