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Historical Geography of the Soviet Era

Historical Geography of the Soviet Era. Marxism. Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain Working-class power “Dictatorship of Proletariat” “People’s Democracy” First need capitalism/ industry to create workers Socialism stage to Communism. Russian Marxism.

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Historical Geography of the Soviet Era

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  1. HistoricalGeographyof theSoviet Era

  2. Marxism • Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain • Working-class power • “Dictatorship of Proletariat” • “People’s Democracy” • First need capitalism/ industry to create workers • Socialism stage to Communism

  3. RussianMarxism - Bolsheviks (Majority radicals) • Mensheviks (Minority moderates) • Also anarchists, other social revolutionaries Russia had mainly peasantry

  4. Internationalismbefore WW I • European socialists vs. “War of the Bosses” • But when war came, moderates voted for it • Radicals against war (incl. Bolsheviks)

  5. World War I(1914-18) • Central Powers • Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Turkey • Allied Powers • Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S., Canada • War for democracy? • Russia, Central Powers dictatorships

  6. Russia in WWI • St. Petersburg (capital) renamed Petrograd • Losing on Eastern Front • Immense ruin, hardship • Bolsheviks looked like prophets

  7. REVOLUTION, 1917 • Czar Nicholas II deposed in February; Provisional Gov’t • Soviets (Councils) of workers, soldiers, peasants govern themselves • Bolshevik coup in October for Soviets • Surrender west to Germans, 1918

  8. Russia after WWI • Revolutions collapse in Germany, Hungary • Peasants like breakup of aristocratic holdings, but want to keep their own private land • Bolshevik (Communist) Party amasses centralized power, not Soviets

  9. Civil War (Reds vs. Whites), 1918-21 • Brits, French, Poles, Americans, Japanese intervene for Whites • Russia under siege • “War Communism,” railroads win it for Reds

  10. Vladimir Leninera, 1917-24 • Workers and peasants together (Marxism-Leninism) • Faced “Socialism in One Country” • Died 1924; then 3-year power struggle • Petrograd renamed Leningrad

  11. Lenin on national self-determination • Nationalism of the oppressor vs. Nationalism of the oppressed • Criticized Russian majority nationalism • Independence for Poland, Finland, Baltic states • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 1922

  12. Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Yugoslavia Romania gains Bessarabia (Moldova) Eastern Europe after WWI

  13. Josef Stalinera, 1927-53 • Centralism of Czarist Russia • Ruthless murder of dissidents; purges of leaders • Millions killed

  14. Stalinist “State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy” • Heavy industrialization to catch up to West • Forced collectivization of private farmlands • Discredited socialism as led by The People

  15. Industrial regions • Ukraine (Donbass) • Urals • Siberia (Kuzbass) Urals Ukraine(Donbass) Siberia(Kuzbass)

  16. Stalin on nationalism • Ethnic Georgian (Dzhugashvili) but pro-Russian • Feared, repressed ethnic minorities & religions • Russification of minorities (Cyrillic) • Ruled republics through Russified elites, money

  17. Stalin on nationalism • Constructed ethnic groups from local identities • Divide-and-rule through ethnic boundaries • “Time bombs” of minorities within republics • Yet boundaries strengthened identity later

  18. S.S.R.s Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) _________ Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) : Ukrainian Kazakh Byelorussian Kirghiz Georgian Turkmen Armenian Tadzhik Azerbaijan Uzbek

  19. Ethnic minority areas within S.S.R.s

  20. Ethnic minority areas within S.S.R.s(mainly within RSFSR) • Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) • Autonomous Oblast (Region) • Autonomous Okrug (District)

  21. Nagorno-Karabakh Ethnic Armenian region, but part of Azerbaijan; War in 1988-94

  22. WW II, 1939-41 • Pact with Germany (to delay inevitable?) • Annexed eastern Poland, Baltics, Bessarabia (Moldavia) • Invaded Finland (Winter War) • Nazis invade USSR, June 1941 • Stalin allies with Brits, U.S.

  23. WW II, 1941-45 • Germans besieged Leningrad through winter • Failed to seize Moscow (government moved east) • Halted at Stalingrad, before Caspian Sea • 20 million Soviets dead, country devastated

  24. Russian nationalism in WWII • Stalin used “Mother Russia” to rally USSR • “Traitorous” minority ethnic groups • Some initially welcomed Germans (or outdid them) • But Nazis wanted Lebensraum (Living Space) • Stalin relocates ethnic Germans, Chechens, etc.

  25. USSR after WWII (Re)annexed territory Baltics, Moldavia, E. Poland. Took E. Prussia (Kaliningrad) Troops stay East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria Independent Communist “partisan” states Yugoslavia, Albania, China (1949)

  26. Poland, 1945 USSR annexes eastern Poland, which takes eastern Germany

  27. Ivan’s border changes Born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (before WWI) Grew up in Czechoslovakia (after WWI) Fought in Hungary (during WWII) Grew old in the Soviet Union (after WWII) Died in Ukraine (after 1991) All without leaving his hometown of Mukachevo

  28. IronCurtain1946-89 • Churchill speech, 1946 • Divided West from all Communist states • Berlin Airlift 1948

  29. Cold War Massive refugee Crisis, poverty Marshall Plan for recovery in West Western military “containment” Proxy wars in Greece, etc.

  30. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact W. Germany in NATO Warsaw Pact formed 1955 NATO-Soviet nuclear race

  31. Revolts inEasternEurope • East Germany, 1953 • Hungarian Revolution, 1956 • Broad-based opposition to Stalinism

  32. Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64 • Russian from Ukraine • “Destalinization”: less repressive • Consumer goods emphasis • “Virgin Lands” settlement • Visited, confronted U.S. but backed down in Berlin, Cuba

  33. Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82 • Stalin & Khrushchev policies • Economic stagnancy • Military superpower • Invaded Czechoslovakia, 1968 • Rivalry with China; clash 1969 • Détente with U.S., 1972 • Invaded Afghanistan, 1979

  34. Polish Solidarity, 1980-81 • Poles revolted 1956, 1968, 1970 • Poland looser than others, 1970s • Hungary also “Goulash Communist” • Polish Pope, 1978 • Workers strikes spread from Gdansk, 1980 • Polish military crackdown, 1981

  35. Last days of USSR • Yuri Andropov (ex-KGB), 1982-84 • War fears, spending on “Euromissile” race • Konstantin Chernenko (Brezhnev clone), 1984-85 • Mikhail Gorbachev (glasnost) 1985-91

  36. Soviet era in your region?

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