What is the relationship between Training and Safety in Commercial Air Operations? …continued…

1. Can Commercial Airlines Achieve “One Level of Safety” By Embarking on a Program of “One Level of Training” ? What is the relationship between Training and Safety in Commercial Air Operations? …continued…

2. Experience or Training?

3. Training Before the right stuff walked on the moon, they trained

8. Spacemen in training?

9. Trained, Qualified & Ready

13. Training Before the right stuff walked on the moon, they trained

18. Spacemen in training?

19. Trained, Qualified & Ready

23. “Level of training” • Proficiency: Knowledge, procedures and maneuvers? • Substance: Number of syllabus subjects? • Sophistication: Depth of syllabus-Intro, basic, intermediate, advanced, special cases & case studies?

24. Level of training in terms of Practical Learning • Our argument: • Every airline should have training at the same level • Not the same training, but training at the same level • Let’s look at various levels of training • in terms of practical learning • to see some differences

25. Level of Proficiency Self study 1. Read an article, bulletin 2. Read an article, take open book test 3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing

26. Level of Proficiency Academic Study 4. Lecture with Q & A 5. Seminar with interaction and discussion 6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise 7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, oral exam

27. Level of Proficiency Flight Simulation 8. Flight simulator for knowledge 9. Simulator for procedural training 10. Simulator procedural validation check 11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator 12. Maneuver validation simulator check 13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim check

28. Level of Proficiency In-Aircraft Flight 14. Do line experience training 15. Do line check, initial qualification, facilitated debrief 16. Do line operational safety audit regularly for all crews with facilitated debrief 16 Levels of Proficiency

29. Level of Proficiency Higher the level of training, the higher the proficiency from self study to in aircraft flight training

30. Level of training in terms of substance of subjects • CRM ? • FAA ATP & Type rating require verification of CRM skills during 2 hour Check Rides • Some majors provide 2 day CRM course • 6 person jury personality computerized test • personality profile review • comparison to self personality test • Multiple group exercises

31. Level of training in terms of substance • CRM? • Buffalo, Lexington, Tenerife…. • How well trained was crew in CRM? • How effective was their CRM? • Is competency by checking as valid as competency by training? • Is sitting for the exam as valid as training? • We don’t think so.

32. Training Yields Discipline • Train, train, train until: • You fly like you train • Discipline to SOP • All crewmembers • All the time • Training is Not the same as verification by checking

33. Levels of Substance • Precision Approaches • Basic ILS procedures • Hand flown, automation • ILS with PRM • ILS CAT 2/3 • ILS with engine failure • ILS failure mode training • ILS Go Around in Mountainous Terrain

34. Levels of Substance • Non-Precision Approaches • Localizer, ILS glide slope inop, VOR, NDB • beacons not collocated at field, wind • Automation modes • Engine failure • Go around in mountainous terrain • Special cases, Mishap scenarios

35. Levels of Substance • Engine Failure • V1 Cut • V1 Cut night IMC • V2 Cut • V1 Cut in Mountainous Terrain, special engine out procedures • Other system failures • Case Studies, special scenarios, weather

36. Levels of Substance • Wind Shear • Crew recognition • Automated annunciation • Hand flown: take off, approach, landing • Automation flown • Radar Procedures • Case Studies of Wind Shear mishaps

37. Levels of Substance • Aircraft Maneuvering • Turn pattern, stall series Stall warning • Unusual attitudes, Vg-Vn Diagram • Departure from controlled flight • Loss of Controllability • Angle of Attack recovery maneuvers • Icing effect on stall, stall warning & recovery • Case Studies, Aircraft Mishaps

38. Levels of Substance • CFIT • CFTI recognition and prevention • CFIT warnings • CFIT recovery maneuvers • EGPWS training • Special case airports in airline system • Case studies from around the world

39. Levels of Substance • Cold Weather Ops and Icing In Flight • Pre Flight Preparations • Anti-Icing, Deicing • Ground ops • In flight icing encounters • Meteorological in-flight recognition cues • Case Studies of Cold Weather and Icing related mishaps

40. Levels of Substance • Weight and Balance • Basic calculations, limits • Line procedures, Forms used, Checklists • Responsibilities: Flight Crew, Ground Supervisor, Loading Crew, • Automation • MEL, CDL, DMP: limits • Live animals, plants, medicines, high value • HAZMAT procedures

41. Levels of Substance • Human Factors • Fatigue recognition • Communications • Crew Resource Management CRM • Threat and Error Management TEM • Man Machine Automation • SOP • Checklists

42. Levels of Substance • Navigation • Finer points of SIDS & STARS, notes • ILS Approach plate details • Airport diagram, hot spots • Runway information details, 10-9A, • Grooving • Porous Friction Coating • Anti Skid Layer • Crowning

43. Levels of Substance Training • Level of Substance should be very high • Include: • all details of all operations, all SOP • As complete as you can make it • All Risks encountered, expected in line ops • very large investment: Time, People, Money • Will pay off with mishap free operation!

44. Levels of Substance Training • Or the minimum to satisfy the regulator?

45. ru Seeking One Level of Safety? • If you are seeking one level of safety amongst all commercial airlines, • Wouldn’t you want to seek one level of training amongst all commercial airlines?

46. Levels of Sophistication • Introduction • Basic • Intermediate • Advanced • Special Case Studies

47. Levels of Sophistication • Introduction: Orientation, Big Picture, What is it all about? • Basic • Intermediate • Advanced • Special Case Studies

48. Levels of Sophistication • Introduction • Basic: Knowledge, ideas, elements, components • Intermediate • Advanced • Special Case Studies

49. Levels of Sophistication • Introduction • Basic • Intermediate: Procedural, SOP • Advanced • Special Case Studies

50. Levels of Sophistication • Introduction • Basic • Intermediate • Advanced: Maneuvers, interactions • Special Case Studies