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Chapter 8. Training and Performing at Moderate Altitude

Chapter 8. Training and Performing at Moderate Altitude. Cheung SS. Advanced environmental exercise physiology. Role of red blood cell (erythrocyte). Moderate altitude: 2000-3000 M local arterial hypoxia within the kidneys ↑ secretion of erythropoietin ( EPO)

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Chapter 8. Training and Performing at Moderate Altitude

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  1. Chapter 8. Training and Performingat Moderate Altitude Cheung SS. Advanced environmental exercise physiology

  2. Role of red blood cell (erythrocyte) • Moderate altitude: 2000-3000 M • local arterial hypoxia within the kidneys ↑secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) • ↑ RBC production in marrow within the long bones • hematopoiesis: ↑ hemoglobin; Polycythemia: ↑ RBC mass • autologous blood transfusions (the reinfusion of own blood), ↑ VO2max and exercise tolerance times • confirms importance of erythrocyte levels in oxygen-carrying capacity and endurance performance • Artificial recombinant EPO (rhEPO).

  3. hematoloical pathway for aerobic improvement from hypoxic exposureexposure

  4. Other factors: ↑economy of movement • Andeans have ↑ Hb, but Tibetans have similar Hb to low-landers • Low correlation between changes in RBC volume and VO2max • ↑economy of movement • ↓ submaximal oxygen requirements of 3-10% • ↑ Electron transport chain, ↓ H+ leakage through the mitochondrial membrane, ↓uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) after training

  5. Uncoupling protein

  6. Other factors: ↑muscle buffer capacity • hyperventilation, attempt to maintain alveo1ar PO2 levels. • ↑ removal of alveolar CO2 • respiratory alkalosis (H+ + HCO3 -  H2CO3  H2O + CO2) • ↑ muscle buffering capacity from ↑renal excretion of HCO3- (bicarbonate) • 2-3 weeks at above 2000 m ↑ muscle buffering in trained individuals

  7. Individual responses variations • Many non-responders in live high, train high • Insufficient training load? • Low association between EPO response to hypoxia and genetic markers linked to the EPO gene or its regulators • predicting individual suitability and customization of altitude training remain extremely difficult

  8. Live and training in altitudes • live low, train high, has minimal ergogenic effect • Suitable for lowland athletes preparing for competitions at altitude • Live high, train high, for sea level performance remain equivocal • Live high, train low, effective • Maximize the physiological adaptation from exposure to hypoxia • minimize ↓ exercise capacity at altitude • 8-10 hr/day in 2000-2700 m, train at < 1000 m

  9. Hyperoxia training • Seems promising • Result in higher training tolerance • Higher training load • Overtraining? • Research still equivocal

  10. Practical considerations • Short-term (6-24 h) passive exposure at 2100-2500 m required for EPO response • In LHTL, 12-16 hr/day in hypoxia • At shorter durations, may require higher altitude • Decay of altitude adaptations • Some <1 week, but some maintained > 3 weeks • Periodic hypoxia boost to maintain adaptation? • How long is required to adapt for high-altitude competition? • 47 hr insufficient • Arrive as early as possible, or using hypoxic facility

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