Changing Face of Terrorism and its Challenges to National Security of Nepal

1. Changing Face of Terrorism and its Challenges to National Security of Nepal Maj Ramesh Pandey 30/08/2016

2. Statement of the Problem • What are the new dimensions that terrorism has evolved into? • What is the new security challenges raised from the new kinds of terrorism? • How does the new face of terrorism affect the National security of Nepal?

3. Sequence What is terrorism? What is changing face of Terrorism? What are the new security challenges? Terrorism in South Asia Terrorism in Nepal Threat to national security of Nepal Findings and Conclusion

4. What is Terrorism? Definition “An organized system of violence and intimidation especially for political ends: the state of fear and submission caused by this” – The Chambers Dictionary We are now on Fourth Wave of terrorism (David Rapoport) • First Wave -Assassinations (1879-First World War) • Second Wave -National liberation (Until 1960s; Ireland to anti colonist) • Third Wave -Left wing terrorism (Until 1979; Vietnam war) • Fourth Wave -Islamic terrorism (Ongoing; inflict mass cas)

5. What is Changing Face of Terrorism? • The leading groups • Al Qaeda-IS • The controlled territory • Declaration of Caliphate • Growth of Geographical area • Wide spread influence, almost 20 countries • Changes in frequency and types of threat • Terrorist directed to terrorist inspired and motivated • Changing forms of communication • Agile and innovative use of new means of communication • The future • Matter of decades or generations • Modus operandi • Recruiting, training, use of weapons

6. What are the New Security Challenges? • Religious fundamentalism, Jihadism • Religious fundamentalist rather than political ideologist • Political Islam and religious radicalism • Merger of Mosque and State under sharia law is an ideology • Limitations of classical deterrence • motivated by such a wide variety of personal and strategic aims • Home-grown terrorism • 79% of those involved in Jihadist plots in US were own citizens. 49% of whom were born in US, 29% naturalized citizens • Invincibility • home grown, lone wolves or stray dog types no criminal record • radicalized individuals • No safe country exists • Abundance of means and methods for terror activities

7. Terrorism in South Asia • Arrest of 12 militants in Dhaka including coordinator of al Qaeda in South Asia • Expansion of IS via money, technology and propaganda expertise • IS Sunni extremist • South Asian Muslims including Nepalese are Sunni • Backward and oppressed society

8. Terrorist activities in Nepal during Last Ten Years • 2007 Blast at tripureshor, Sundhara and Balaju (2/20, Terai Army) • 2009 Explosion in Catholic Church in Ktm (2/12, Nepal Defence Army) • 2012 Explosion outside NOC building, Babarmahal(3/7) • 2012 Explosion at Janakpur(4, JTMM) No evidence of involvement of regional or international terrorist organizations has been found yet

9. Challenges to National Security of Nepal • Terrorism Transit and Cross border terrorism • Nepalese territory can be used as terrorism transit • An open border with India and relatively weak airport security hamper efforts to implement effective counterterrorism policing(www.state.gov) • Activities of armed groups • Vulnerability to extremist religious ideology • Ethnic and regional politics • Radicalization

10. Findings • Motive- religion has become nationality • Lone Wolf, home grown terror on rise • Terrorist directed to terrorist inspired • Innovative use of media and methods • Radicalization increases invincibility • Activities of religious extremist and cross border terrorism • Ethno regional politics has provided play ground to the extremists to practice their ideology in the name of different discontent group

11. Conclusion • Terrorism- internal rather external security threat • Home grown terrorism most dangerous challenges to the human security • Religious and ethno regional politics • Extremist religious ideology via cross border terrorism • Though new terrorism has not shown any direct bearing to the national security of Nepal, it has increased the vulnerability to the human security

12. References Adams, J. (1986): The Financing of Terror, Sevenoaks Arnatya, P. K. (2016). Nepal: International Terrorism: Threat to Global Security, Nepal Political scientist Part one. Hirshmann, K. (2000). The Changing Face of Terrorism,Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft, (3), 299-310 Hoffman, B. (1999a). Terrorismus – Der unerklärte Krieg. Neue Gefahren politischer Gewalt, Frankfurta.M. Ranstorp,M. (1996). Terrorism in the Name of Religion: Journal of International Affairs, summer 1996, 50, No. 1, pp. 41–62. Rudolph, J. (2016). Changing Face of Global Terrorism, www.aig.com Sloan, St. (1995). Terrorism: How Vulnerable is the United States? In: Pelletiere, St. Ed. (1995): Terrorism: National Security Policy and the Home Front, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, May 1995. Taylor, M. J. H. (1996). Future Developments of Political Terrorism in Europe; in: InternationalMinds, Vol. 7, No. 1, July 1996, pp. 20–22. Waldmann, P. (1999). Terrorismus – Provokation der Macht, München Walter Laqueur, 1996, Post Modern Terrorism, p. 24, Oxford University Press. Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, New York.

13. www.aboutjihad.com/terrorism/islam_jihad_terrorism.php www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism#Religious_motivation retrieved on 31 may 2016 at 2210. www.clarionproject.org/understanding-islamism/islamic-extremism www.livingsafetogether.gov.au/informationadvice/Pages/what-is-radicalisation/what-is-radicalisation.aspx www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014 www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/344/html www.theunitedwest.org/how-culture-shapes-terrorism-dr-jonathan-matusitz-rep-sandy-adams www.wsj.com/articles/can-we-stop-homegrown-terrorists-1453491850 www.nps.edu/academics/centers/ctiw/files/The%20New%20Terrorism.pdf www.southasiaanalysis.org, Al Qaeda and ISIS in South Asia, 14-Jul-2015 www.nepalaffairs.com/national-issues/security-in-nepal www.nepalnews.com https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/arrested-indian-mujahideen-lived-in-nepal-while-he-readied-100-terrorists-against-india www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2396297/Dawood-Ibrahim-lieutenant-wanted-terrorist-Abdul-Karim-Tunda-captured-India-Nepal-border.html www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/indian-mujahideen-tehseen-akhtar-arrested-border-nepal.

14. Thank You Discussion