Term paper of chemistry

1. Term paper of chemistry TOPIC - VITAMINS Submitted to-Dr. Ramesh thakur submitted by:- Rajdeep kaur

2. Index

4. Vitamins These are organic compounds which can not be produced by the body and must be supplied in small amounts in diet for the normal health, growth and maintenance of body NI LUNIN discovered vitamins in 1881 hopkins & funk in 1912 profounded ‘vitamin theory’ .

5. General information They do not provide energy. They are not used as structural units. Vitamins differ from harmones in not being produced within the organism. They are usually required as precursors of co-enzymes. Hence it is better to call them the accesory food substances. These are essential to us for the proper functioning of the different organisms. They are chemically different from the main nutrients, fat, carbohydrate & proteins

6. Water soluble vitamins:- The vitamins which are soluble in water are called water soluble . for ex:- vitamin b-complex ,vitamin –c These vitamins are stored in much lesser amounts in the cells Fat soluble vitamins :- These vitamins are soluble in fat . For ex:-vit-A,D,E,K . Liver cells are rich in fat soluble vitamins . these are not soluble in body unless fat digestion & absoption proceed normally . Classification of vitamins

7. Sources of vitamins • Plants can synthesize almost all vitamins whereas only a few vitamins are synthesized in animals . Human body can synthesize vitamin-A from carotene and some members of vitamin-B complex &vitamin-k are synthesized by micro-organism present in intestinal tract . All cells in the body can store vitamin to some extent . Most of vitamins have been synthesized &are available commercially . These are taken orally .

9. Vitamin –A Chemical name – Retinol Functions– 1. It helps in proper growth and normal skeletal development of body . 2. Maintains proper vision &healthy teeth . 3. It helps in maintenance of healthy , glowing soft skin . Sources– butter ,liver ,carrots ,spinach ,ghee ,kidney ,yellow pumpkin ,curd ,fish oil ,cheese ,whole milk ,tomatoes . Deficiency disorders – night blindness ,xerophthalmia ,dermatosis .

10. Vitamin –D Chemical name- Calciferol Functions – 1. It keeps bones & teeth healthy . 2. It helps in the utilization of calcium and phosphorous . Sources – cod liver oil ,butter, milk, egg yolk , ghee ,cheese ,exposure to sunlight also provides vitamin -D Deficiency disease – Deficiency of vitamin –D causes rickets .

11. Vitamin –E Chemical name – Tocopherol Functions- 1. It plays an important role in the protection of vitamin-A ,carotene and ascorbic acid . 2. It is necessary for the normal reproduction and protection of the liver . Sources – Vegetable oils ,milk ,tomatoes ,dark green vegetables ,eggs ,kidney, whole grain ,cereals ,nuts . Deficiency diseases – It causes loss of sexual power of reproduction .

12. Vitamin –K Chemical name – phylloquinone Functions – It helps in clotting of blood and prevents haemorrhage . Sources – Green leafy vegetables , soyabean , cabbage , vegetable oils , spinach ,tomatoes. Deficiency diseases – deficiency causes haemorrhage ,lengthens the time of blood clotting .

13. vitamin –C Chemical name – ascorbic acid Functions – 1. it is necessary for keeping teeth , gums and joints healthy . 2.Helps in normal metabolism of amino acids. 3. It helps in healing of cuts and wounds . 4. It gives resistance to our body against diseases and infections . Sources – amla ,tomatoes , orange ,lemon , cabbage ,apples ,lime ,green chillies . Deficiency disease –Scurvey .

14. Vitamin B-1 Chemical name – Thiamine Functions – 1.it helps in carbohydrate metabolism 2.it helps in functioning of heart ,nerves and muscles . 3.It sharpens our appetite &also called “appetite vitamin “ . Sources- milk ,pulses ,wheat bran , sea food, yeast ,whole grain cereals , green vegetables ,soyabean ,dairy products . Deficiency disease – Beri-Beri

15. Vitamin –B-2 Chemical name – Riboflavin Functions- 1.It helps in oxidation & utilization of O2. 2. It helps in carbohydrate & protein metabolism . 3. It is necessary to keep the skin healthy . 4. It helps in the normal functioning of the eye . Sources:- meat , whole grain, pulses ,milk ,yeast ,liver ,peas ,eggs , green vegetables . Deficiency disease :- cracking of lips ,skin ,corners of mouth. Photophobia ,glossitis .

16. Vitamin - B4 Chemical name - Niacin Functions – 1.It is needed for the metabolism of carbohydrate , fats & proteins . 2. It keeps skin healthy & give sound mental health . 3.It has most important positive contribution to good nutrition . Sources – Milk, fish, legumes , potatoes ,green leafy vegetables , meat ,eggs ,fowl ,whole grains . Deficiency disease – Pellagra

17. vitamin –B12 Chemical name- Cyanocobalamin . Functions – 1.It is essential for the metabolism of nervous tissues . 2. It is necessary for the formation of healthy blood and proper growth of the body . Sources – liver , cheese ,milk ,kidney , fish ,meat . Deficiency diseases – perinicious ,anemia , inflammation of tongue & mouth .

18. Vitamin –B10 Chemical name – folic acid ,folacin . Functions – 1.It is essential for DNA synthesis ,growth &formation of red blood corpuscles . 2. Purine and pyrimidine synthesis . Sources – green leafy vegetables ,liver , kidney , yeast , soyabean . Deficiency disease – ulceration of mouth , inability to absorb especially fats diarrhoea , macrocytic anaemia .

19. References • BOOKS • MODERN ABC OF CHEMISTRY[VOL-11] By- Dr Sp Jauhar • TRUEMAN’S ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY by- KN Bhatia & MP Tyagi • PRADEEP’S TEXT BOOK OF BIOLOGY By-PS Dhami ,G Chopra . • SITES:- http://www.wikipedia.com

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