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Explore the historical models of the solar system, including Ptolemy's epicycles and Copernicus' heliocentric model, to understand the phenomenon of retrograde motion. Delve into the philosophical ideas and scientific advancements that shaped our understanding of the universe.

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  1. Models of the Solar System, Gravitation and the motion of the Planets – A.K.ADEAD WHITE GUYS WEEK!

  2. Planets were often called wandering stars because they seem to slowly move from one constellation to the next. West East South

  3. Retrograde motion • Models of the universe MUST adequately describe this retrograde motion!!!

  4. Philosophical Ideas • The heavens represent perfection. • The heavens are immutable. • The circle is the perfect shape. • All heavenly motions must be circular.

  5. The astronomer must try his utmost to explain celestial motions by the simplest possible hypothesis; but if he fails to do so, he must choose whatever other hypotheses meet the case. -Ptolemy of Alexandria (140 A.D.)

  6. Copernicus devised the first comprehensive heliocentric cosmogony to successfully explain retrograde motion • Ptolemy was -

  7. Ptolemy was : • Polish • Danish • Italian • German • Greek

  8. Ptolemy tried to crate a model that would account for retrograde motion.He placed the planets in orbits (deferments) on orbits (epicycles) all around the Earth

  9. Ptolemy’s Epicycles Epicycle Deferent Earth

  10. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  11. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  12. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  13. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  14. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  15. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  16. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  17. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  18. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  19. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  20. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  21. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  22. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  23. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  24. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  25. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  26. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  27. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  28. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  29. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  30. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  31. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  32. Ptolemy’s Epicycles

  33. Ptolemy’s Epicycles Where is retrograde motion occurring? Planet’s Path

  34. Ptolemy’s Epicycles Where is retrograde motion? Planet’s Path Planet’s Path

  35. For most of human history, we have thought the universe was geocentric

  36. On the Ptolemaic system: • “A system of this sort seemed neither sufficiently absolute nor sufficiently pleasing to the mind.” • --Copernicus

  37. Why heliocentric NOW?? • Renaissance • art • literature • medicine • exploration

  38. Copernicus (1473 – 1543 AD) was : • Polish • Danish • Italian • German • Greek

  39. Copernicus (1473 – 1543 AD) is known for : • First observations of the sun • First sun centered model of the solar system or universe • The world’s best naked-eye astronomical observations in history • Creating first a theoretical model to explain planetary motions • Creating first a theoretical model for explaining gravity

  40. Copernicus (1473 – 1543 AD) is known for - • First observations of the sun • First sun centered model of the solar system or universe • The world’s best naked-eye astronomical observations in history • Creating first a theoretical model to explain planetary motions • Creating first a theoretical model for explaining gravity

  41. Copernicus (1473 – 1543 AD) - • Probably died a virgin • Was a priest and Lawyer • Had artificial wooden and silver noses • Probably died of Mercury poising • Rumored to have died of a bladder burst • Was blind at the time of his death • Was labeled a heretic by the church

  42. Copernicus (1473 – 1543 AD) - • Probably died a virgin • Was a priest and Lawyer • Had artificial wooden and silver noses • Probably died of Mercury poising • Rumored to have died of a bladder burst • Was blind at the time of his death • Was labeled a heretic by the church

  43. Retrograde motion is an apparent motion caused when one planets moves from being behind another planet to being in front of the other planet. Copernicus devised the first comprehensive heliocentric cosmogony to successfully explain retrograde motion

  44. Let’s watch a movie of this motion. Copernicus devised the first comprehensive heliocentric cosmogony to successfully explain retrograde motion

  45. To demonstrate that the appearances are saved by assuming the Sun at the center and the Earth in the heavens is not the same thing as to demonstrate that in fact the Sun is in the center and the Earth in the heavens. I believe that the first demonstration may exist, but I have grave doubts about the second. • --Cardinal Bellarmine • (1615)

  46. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

  47. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was - • Polish • Danish • Italian • German • Greek Cross-Tab Label

  48. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) - • Probably died a virgin • Was a priest and Lawyer • Had artificial wooden and silver noses • Probably died of Mercury poising • Rumored to have died of a bladder burst • Was blind at the time of his death • Was labeled a heretic by the church

  49. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)- • Probably died a virgin • Was a priest and Lawyer • Had artificial wooden and silver noses • Probably died of Mercury poising • Rumored to have died when his bladder burst • Was blind at the time of his death • Was labeled a heretic by the church

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