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Integumentary System

Integumentary System. Skin Trivia. 22 Square Feet 8-10 pounds , 7% - 15% of Total Body Weight Complex Combination of Tissues Continuous Layer Skin & accessory structures (hair, nails, & glands) Integument = covering. 20 Blood Vessels 65 Hairs & Hair Muscles 78 Nerves

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Integumentary System

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  1. Integumentary System

  2. Skin Trivia • 22 Square Feet • 8-10 pounds, 7% - 15% of Total Body Weight • Complex Combination of Tissues • Continuous Layer • Skin & accessory structures (hair, nails, & glands) • Integument = covering

  3. 20 Blood Vessels 65 Hairs & Hair Muscles 78 Nerves 78 Sensors for Heat 13 Sensors for Cold 160 Sensors for Pressure 100 Sebaceous/Oil Glands 1300 Nerve Endings 19,500,000 Cells 0.5 Million Cells Dying & Being Replaced One Square Inch Contains

  4. Functions • Protective membrane • Guards the deeper tissues • Against water loss, salts, heat, & invasion of pathogens • Produce important secretions • Sebaceous glands • Produce sebum (oily secretion) • Lubricates the surface of the skin • Sweat glands • Produce sweat • Cools the body as it evaporates from the skin

  5. Layers/Regions of the Skin • Epidermis: • Most Superficial • Dermis: • Tough, Leathery Fibrous Connective Tissue; Only Part Vascularized • Subcutaneous (Hypodermis): • Superficial Fascia; Mostly Fat (Insulate & Absorb Shock); Anchors Skin to Underlying Structures

  6. Epidermis • Outer layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue • Squamous epithelial cells are flat & scale-like • Arranged in several layers (strata) forming stratified squamous epithelium • Avascular • Dependent on deeper dermis for nourishment • Complete regeneration every 35-45 days • Thinner on scalp and armpit than on sole of foot

  7. Layers of the Epidermis • Basal layer (Stratum Basale/Stratum Germinativum) • Deepest layer • Actively dividing to replace old cells • Single row of cells (mostly stem cells) • 10-25% = melanocytes (secrete melanin) • Stratum Spinosum • Spiny layer, Several cell layers thick • Mostly Langerhans cells surrounded by keratinocytes with spiny projections (prickle cells)

  8. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum Granulosum • Keratohyaline granules  formation of keratin • Water resistant layer • Slows water loss from body • Receives nutrients from tissue fluids • Stratum lucidum • Clear layer, Absent in thin skin • Thickest in soles of feet and palms

  9. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum corneum • Horny layer • Outermost layer • Mostly dead keratinocytes or keratin filled plasma membrane sacs • 20 – 30 cell layers thick • ¾ of epidermal thickness • Protect against abrasion and penetration • Glycolipid = waterproof coat • Protects deeper cells • Dandruff = dry skin shedding = 40 pounds in lifetime • Hyperkeratosis: thick dry scaly skin

  10. Dermis • Characteristics • Strong, flexible connective tissue • Hide of the skin • Collagen, elastin (stretch-recoil), reticular fibers • Colla = glue • Wrinkling of elderly = loss of elastin and subcutaneous fat • Contents • Blood vessels • Nerves • Hair shafts & hair follicles • (anagen = growing follicle, telogen = resting follicle) • Arector pili (hair muscles) • Sebaceous & Sweat glands

  11. Subcutaneous Layer • Specializes in the formation of fat • Adipocytes (fat cells) • Predominant; manufacture & store large quantities of fat • Protects deeper tissue • Heat insulator • Energy storage

  12. Accessory Structures of the Skin • Hair • Tightly fused meshwork of cells filled with keratin (protein) • Hair root • Produce keratinized cells that move through Hair follicles • Melanocytes • Located at the root, responsible for pigment • Melanin containing iron = red hair • Stop producing = gray hair

  13. Accessory Structures of the Skin • Nails • Keratinized/dead epidermal cells • Grows under the lunula (white portion) of nailbed • Cuticle – narrow band of epidermis • Paronychium – soft tissue surrounding the nail border

  14. Glands • Sebaceous Glands • Located in the dermal layer over the entire body • Exception of palms, soles, & lips • Secrete sebum (contains lipids) • Closely associated with hair follicles • Sweat Glands • Eccrine sweat glands (most common) • Cover most of your body and open directly onto the surface of the skin. Most numerous in the palms & sole of the foot • Apocrine sweat glands – active from puberty onward (mammary gland is a type of apocrine gland) • develop in areas abundant in hair follicles • such as on your scalp, armpits and groin and open into the hair follicle just before it opens onto the skin surface. • Secrete an odorless sweat - Bacteria breaking down sweat produces human body odor

  15. Pathology Cutaneous Lesions (Lesion = abnormal tissue) • Crust – collection of dried serum & cellular debris (scab) • Cyst – thick-walled, closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material • Erosion – wearing away or loss of epidermis • Fissure – groove or crack-like sore

  16. Pathology Cutaneous Lesions • Macule -Flat lesions (freckles, tattoo marks, flat moles) • Nodule -Solid, round/oval elevated lesion • Papule -Small, solid elevation(pimple) • Pustule -Papule containing pus • Ulcer -Open sore on the skin (decubitus ulcers – bedsores)

  17. Signs & Symptoms • Alopecia • Absence of hair from areas where it normally grows • Ecchymosis • Bluish-purplish mark (bruise) on skin • ec- = out, chym/o = pour • Hemorrhages into the skin • Petechia • Small, pinpoint hemorrhage • Pruritus • Itching

  18. Abnormal Conditions • Acne • Chronic papular & pustular eruption of the skin with increased production of sebum • Burns • 1st degree • Superficial epidermal lesions • 2nd degree • Epidermal & dermal lesions, blisters (partial-thickness burn injury) • 3rd degree • Necrosis of skin (epidermis & dermis destroyed) & subcutaneous layer damaged (full-thickness burn injury)

  19. Abnormal Conditions • Cellulitis • Acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain & swelling • Eczema • chronic skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes • Gangrene • Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply • Impetigo • Bacterial disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, & crusted-over lesions

  20. Abnormal Conditions • Psoriasis • Chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales • Scabies • Scabies is an easily spread skin disease caused by a very small species of mite. • Tinea • Infection caused by a fungus • Vitiligo • Loss of pigment

  21. Cancerous Lesions • Basal cell carcinoma • Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis • Squamous cell carcinoma • Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis

  22. Cancerous Lesions • Malignant melanoma • Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes

  23. Audionyms

  24. Cau-, caus • Audionym • Cough • Visual Image • See the COUGH the BURNS • Meaning • burn

  25. Cryo- • Audionym • Cry • Visual Image • See the baby CRYing because it is cold • Meaning • Cold

  26. Cyan(o) • Audionym • Sign • Visual Image • See the stop SIGN with BLUE paint poured on it • Meaning • blue

  27. Dermat-, -derm • Audionym • Doormat • Visual Image • See the DOORMAT made of SKIN • Meaning • skin

  28. Helio- • Audionym • Heel • Visual Image • See the HEEL made out of a LIGHT • Meaning • Sun, light

  29. Hydr(o)- • Audionym • Hydrant • Visual Image • See the HYDRANT with WATER gushing out • Meaning • water

  30. Kerat- • Audionym • Carrot • Visual Image • See the CARROT being used as HORNS • Meaning • Horny, horny tissue, cornea

  31. Leuk(o) • Audionym • Look (magazine) • Visual Image • See the LOOK magazine which is all WHITE • Meaning • white

  32. Lip- • Audionym • Lip • Visual Image • See the LIP which is very FAT • Meaning • Fat

  33. Melan- • Audionym • Melon • Visual Image • See the MELON with the BLACK seeds inside • Meaning • black

  34. Myco- • Audionym • My coat • Visual Image • See MY Coat covered in FUNGUS • Meaning • fungus

  35. Onych- • Audionym • onyx • Visual Image • See the black ONYX on the NAIL • Meaning • Nail, claw

  36. Pilo-, tricho- • Audionym • Pile of • Visual Image • See the PILE OF HAIR • Meaning • hair

  37. Sub- • Audionym • Submarine • Visual Image • See the SUBmarine UNDER, BENEATH, or BELOW the water • Meaning • Under, beneath, below

  38. Therm- • Audionym • Thermometer • Visual Image • See the people around the THERMometer as it generates HEAT • Meaning • heat

  39. Xer- • Audionym • Zero • Visual Image • See the 7up ZERO that has a DRY taste • Meaning • dry

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