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Meteorology 5

Meteorology 5. SURFACE and UPPER CHART comparison JET STREAM METAR TIME ZONES WINDS, VISIBILITY & WEATHER OBSCURATION & SKY CONDITION FD’s, SIGMET, PIREP GFA or Area Forecast. Surface Chart / note fronts & isobars.

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Meteorology 5

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  1. Meteorology 5

  2. SURFACE and UPPER CHART comparison • JET STREAM • METAR • TIME ZONES • WINDS, VISIBILITY & WEATHER • OBSCURATION & SKY CONDITION • FD’s, SIGMET, PIREP • GFA or Area Forecast

  3. Surface Chart / note fronts & isobars

  4. STANDARD PRESSURE SURFACES • 850 mb 5000 feet asl • 700 10000 • 500 18000 • 400 24000 • 300 30000 • 250 34000 • 200 40000 • 150 45000 • 100 53000

  5. Upper chart/ note no fronts. Also, Isobars are replaced by contour lines STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENT GIVES HIGHER WIND SPEEDS

  6. JET STREAM Pg 12-11 Pg 12-13

  7. Low Level Nocturnal Jet Pg 11-13 40 KNOTS

  8. METAR METAR CYVR 222200Z CCA 18018G35 1SM R24/5000FT/D –SN BLSN BKN010 OVC050 M05/M11 A2992 REFZDZ WS RWY24 RMK SF6SC2 VIS ½ TO W SLP122

  9. TIME ZONES • DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WOULD BE ONE HOUR LESS • SPRING FORWARD AND FALL BACK • INVENTED BY A CANADIAN

  10. WIND AND GUST GROUP WIND DIRECTION VARIATION is coded into remarks if: • 60O OR MORE AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE OF WIND FOR LAST 2 MINUTES ie. 240V320 • A VARIATION OVER THE LAST 10 MINUTES PRIOR TO THE OBSERVATION WOULD BE REPORTED PROVIDED 60O AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE

  11. Changing Winds • GUST - 5K higher than 2 minute average • Highest peak must be at least 15 k • SQUALL - 15K higher than 2 minute mean average • I minute mean of at least 20 k • After max must decrease by 5 k • SHIFT - 45O change or more • Change in less than 15 minutes • Average at end of wind shift at least 10 k

  12. Wind Gust

  13. VISIBILITY

  14. FLIGHT VIS vs GROUND VIS FLIGHT often worse vis thanGROUND

  15. PRESENT WEATHER

  16. PRESENT WEATHER

  17. PRESENT WEATHER

  18. OBSCURING PHENOMENA

  19. VC = 5 statute miles REPORTED REGARDLESS

  20. SKY CONDITION

  21. REMARKS Pressure tendency usually in remarks.

  22. SKY CONDITION • Clear: SKC 0/8 • Few: FEW trace, 1/8 to 2/8 • Scattered: SCT 3/8 to 4/8 • Broken: BKN 5/8 to 7/8 • Overcast: OVC 8/8

  23. CEILING • Broken: BKN 5/8 to 7/8 • Overcast: OVC 8/8

  24. TORONTO BUTTONVILLE METAR CYKZ 251700Z 03008KT 10SM BKN050 OVC250 M08/M15 A2982 RMK SC6CI2 SLP114 METAR CYKZ 251800Z 35009KT 9SM BKN050 OVC240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI3 SLP095 METAR CYKZ 251900Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI2 SLP095 TAF CYKZ 251630Z 251705 05005KT P6SM SCT025 BKN250 TEMPO 1719 5SM HZ BKN020 BECMG 1921 35012KT FM0300Z 35015G25KT P6SM SCT025 BKN120 TEMPO 0305 BKN025RMK NXT FCST BY 23Z=

  25. Change Terms • PROB is only used for 30 or 40% probability.

  26. FDs - low level FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35 note the backing winds in the descent over Ottawa YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22 YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28 YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28 YYB 0406 9900-16 2009-17 2020-20 2043-28 YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25

  27. ACTUAL LAPSE RATE • METAR CYKZ 251900Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095 • FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 6000 -13 650 -08 Lapse is roughly 1o/1,000 ft

  28. SIGMET Significant Meteorological Report WSCN31 CWTO 250430 SIGMET A1 VALID 250430/250830 LN TSTMS 30NM WIDE MAX TOPS 400 OBSRVD AT 0400Z FROM LONDON-TORONTO-PETERBOROUGH. LN MOVG SWD ABT 20 KTS AND INTSFYG. TSTMS MOVG OUT OF AREA BY 0730Z.

  29. PIREP UA/OV CYHM 1235 FL050/ TP C172/SK 030 OVC 045/ TA -04/WV 240016/TB LGT/ IC LGT/RM FROPA 10 MI W

  30. PIREP report Mixed Icing

  31. GFA • Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z • Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook • Country covered with 7 GFA areas • Heights are feet above sea level • Section 3 of MET in AIP • Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated • CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated • Winds less than 20 k usually not shown • Amended GFA shows CCA, etc in title box

  32. VALID 1800Z

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