Civil War Aim of Abraham Lincoln – The aim of President Lincoln was to preserve the Union

1. Hamilton’s Economic Plan is always contrasted with Jefferson’s. Hamilton wanted the federal government to have more power in making economic decisions. Hamilton wanted to pay the states’ debts after the Revolutionary war and have a National Bank

2. Hamilton and Jefferson’s interpretation of the Constitution– Hamilton wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution while Jefferson wanted a strict interpretation of the Constitution that protected individual rights.

3. Whiskey Rebellion- Tax on whiskey caused farmers to rebel. President Washington sent in Federal troops to put down the rebellion and show the power of the new Federal government to enforce it’s laws

4. Election of 1800– Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams, Jefferson won leading to the Judiciary Act of 1801 and Adam’s attempt to pack the courts with the “Midnight Judges” and insure Federalist power. The “Marbury vs. Madison” court case that gave the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review comes from this period.

5. Alien and Sedition Acts- were a series of laws passed by the Federalists in 1798 during the administration of PresidentJohn Adams. They were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans, and later historians, have seen them as stifling criticism of the administration. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800.

6. Cotton Gin– Invented by Eli Whitney in 1789, made the production of cotton more efficient leading to the need for more slaves to cultivate and harvest the cotton

7. Treaty of Greenville, 1796- was signed at Fort Greenville on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General Anthony Wayne, who defeated the Native Americans and razed their villages a year earlier at Fallen Timbers

8. The Indian Removal Act of 1930- was a law passed by the Twenty-first United States Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of Native Americantribes living east of the Mississippi River in the United States to lands further west. The Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by PresidentAndrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.

9. Worchester vs. Georgia, 1832- was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments.

10. Trail of Tears- refers to the forced relocation in 1838 of the CherokeeNative American tribe to the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees

11. Transcendentalism - was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in the New England region of the United States of America in the early-to mid-19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among their core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.

12. “54-40 or Fight”- The Oregon boundary arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of northwestern North America known also from the British perspective as the Columbia District, a fur-trading division of the Hudson's Bay Company. The region at question lay west of the Continental Divide and between the 42nd Parallel of latitude on the south (the northward limit of New Spain) and the 54 degrees, 40 minutes line of latitude

13. Hudson River School of Artists - was a mid-19th centuryAmerican art movement by a group of landscapepainters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.

14. South Carolina Nullification Crisis - declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, which sent a naval flotilla and a threat of sending government ground troops to enforce the tariffs.

15. Compromise Tariff of 1833 - was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had given cause to South Carolina to threaten secession from the Union.

16. John C. Calhoun - was a prominent United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun began his career as a staunch nationalist, favoring war with Britain in 1812 and a vast program of internal improvements afterwards. He reversed course in the 1820s to attack nationalism in favor of States Rights of the sort Thomas Jefferson had propounded in 1798.

17. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexicoceded 525,000 square miles to the United States in exchange for $15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens

18. Nat Turner’s Rebellion - was a slave rebellion that happened in Virginia in August 1831. Over 50 people were reported killed. It lasted only a few days before being put down, but leader Nat Turner remained in hiding for several months afterwards.

19. Dorothea Dix - was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying states legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.

20. Kansas-Nebraska Act - of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and opened new lands for settlement. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois; it repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act established that settlers could decide for themselves whether to allow slavery ( popular sovereignty ).

21. Bleeding Kansas - sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery ("Border Ruffians") elements that took place in Kansas–Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune.

22. Popular Sovereignty - is the doctrine that the state is created by and subject to the will of the people, who are the source of all political power. In the 1850’s it refered to a state’s right to determine the issue of slavery within it’s borders by a vote of the people.

23. Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1857 - known as the "Dred Scott Case" or the "Dred Scott Decision", was a lawsuit decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1857 that ruled that people of African descent, whether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States, and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The decision for the court was written by Chief JusticeRoger Taney.

24. Harriet Beecher Stowe - was an abolitionist and writer of more than 13 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery, and which was first published in serial form from 1851 to 1852 in an abolitionist organ, the National Era, edited by Gamaliel Bailey. Although Stowe herself had never been to the American South, she subsequently published A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, a non-fiction work documenting the veracity of her depiction of the lives of slaves in the original novel.

25. Uncle Tom’s Cabin - is a novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. The novel is believed to have had a profound effect on the North's view of slavery.

26. Civil War Aim of Abraham Lincoln – The aim of President Lincoln was to preserve the Union

27. Vicksburg- Battle for control of the Mississippi, Union victory became a turning point of the war in 1863 as the Union split the Confederacy in half and controlled the supply lines along the Mississippi

28. Emancipation Proclamation – Declared that slaves in rebelling states were free. Made slavery the issue of the war and kept Great Britain from joining the Confederate war effort.

29. 13th Amendment – freed the slaves

30. 14th Amendment – citizenship and the rights of citizenship cannot be denied based upon race

31. 15th Amendment – the right to vote cannot be denied based on race

32. Election of 1876 - Hayes became president after the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant administration. He had a reputation for honesty dating back to his Civil War years. Hayes was quite famous for his ability to not offend anyone. Henry Adams, a prominent politician at the time, asserted that Hayes was "a third rate nonentity, whose only recommendation is that he is obnoxious to no one." Nevertheless, his opponent in the presidential election, DemocratSamuel J. Tilden, was the favorite to win the presidential election and, in fact, won the popular vote by about 250,000 votes

33. Compromise of 1877 – compromise naming Hayes President of the United States while ending the military occupation of the south, ended military reconstruction

34. Homestead Act - was a United States federal law that gave one quarter of a section of a township (160 acres, or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West to any family head or person who was at least 21 years of age, provided he lived on it for five years and built a house of a minimum of 12 by 14 feet (3.6 x 4.3 m), or allowed the family head to buy it for $1.25 per acre ($0.51/ha) after six months.

35. Westward Movement • Roles of Irish - The majority of the Union Pacific track was built by Irish laborers, veterans of both the Union and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to see the railroad pass through Ogden and Salt Lake City, Utah. • Roles of Chinese - Mostly Chinese (coolies) built the Central Pacific track. Even though at first they were thought to be too weak or fragile to do this type of work, after the first day in which Chinese were on the line, the decision was made to hire as many as could be found in California (where most were gold miners or in service industries such as laundries and kitchens), plus many more were imported from China. Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day, but the workers from China received much less.

36. Dawes Severalty Act - authorized the President of the United States to survey Native American tribal land and divide the area into allotments for the individual Native American. It was enacted February 8, 1887

37. Impact of Transcontinental Railroad - it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system.

38. Omaha Platform – • secret ballot system • graduated income tax • restriction of undesirable emigration. • eight-hour law on Government work • initiative and referendum. • election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote

39. Populism - was a short-lived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard.

40. Interstate Commerce Act - The ICC's original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers.

41. “Cross of Gold” Speech - was a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the United States dollar to a gold standard. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars. It would also reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced from 1873-1896.

42. Refrigerator Car – made it possible to transport meat without spoiling to large areas of the country, changed the diet of the US to include more fresh beef and pork

43. Settlement houses - The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. The two largest and most influential settlement houses were Chicago's Hull House (founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889) and the Henry Street Settlement in New York (founded by Lillian Wald in 1893).

44. Urbanization - is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the region's rural population.

45. Robber Barons – nickname given to industrialists on the late 19th and early 20th centuries

46. Andrew Carnegie - was a Scottish-Americanbusinessman, a major and widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history, and, later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities

47. John D. Rockefeller - was an Americanindustrialist and philanthropist who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the oil industry, and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller helped found the Standard Oil company. Over a forty-year period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the largest and most profitable company in the world, and became the world's richest man.

48. J.P. Morgan - was an American financier and banker, who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.

49. Vanderbilt Family - Cornelius Vanderbilt I was an Americanentrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family.

50. Laissez-Faire/ Government influence of Business in 1890’s – The Robber Barons wanted the Government to stay out of the market economy of the United States during the 1890’s into the early 1900’s