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Ancient Egypt

Explore the ancient land of Egypt and its rich history, from the village life in prehistoric times to the rise and fall of powerful empires. Discover the geography, customs, and achievements of the Pharaohs, and learn about the fascinating periods of the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. Ancient Egypt Land and History GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  2. GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  3. Overview • Geography • Old Kingdom • 1st Intermediate Period • Middle Kingdom • 2nd Intermediate Period • New Kingdom • 3rd Intermediate Period • Graeco-Roman Period GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  4. Geography • The Nile Valley • Unchanged until Aswan Dam built in 1960’s • Annual floods • Alluvial soils good for farming • Requires little irrigation GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  5. Village Life to 3000 BC 4500 BC • Archaic culture • Nile delta • Hunting and fishing • Agriculture • Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, geese • Emmer wheat, two-rowed barley • 4221 BC • Base year of Egyptian calendar GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  6. The Predynastic Period • Origins in earlier Sumerian empire • Upper and Lower Nile cultures • Larger towns and cities • Craft specialization • Divine kingship • Development of religious system • temples, priest class, writing • New cultigens • flax, cotton • grapes, wine for export 3200 BC Making beer Harvesting and Treading grapes GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  7. Early Dynastic Period 3150 - 2890 BC • Mystery of Unification • Ancient Egyptians: People of Two Lands (Upper & Lower Egypt) • King Scorpion, Narmer • Kings of southern Egypt • Shown wearing combined Red (Lower) and White (Upper) Crown • 1st Dynasty • First Pharaoh: Menes • founded city of Thebes, capital city: Memphis • National administration, royal governors The Narmer Palette GNED002 - Ancient Empires 64 cm schist

  8. The Old Kingdom2nd to 4th Dynasty 2686 - 2613 BC • 3rd Dynasty • Djoser • Step Pyramid • Imhotep: architect & doctor • 4th Dynasty • builders of Pyramids • Khufu (Great Pyramid) • Chephren • Menkaure • locations: Giza, Dashur • first embalming 2613 - 2494 BC Djoser’s Pyramid The Great Sphinx at Giza GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  9. First Intermediate Period 2494 - 2150 BC • Weakened Old Kingdom • major famines • weak leadership • Intermediate Period • nomes (provinces) self-governing • many kings 7th - 11th Dynasties • Mentuhotep II • Re-establishes order Pepi I 6th Dynasty 2150 - 2040 BC Mentuhotep GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  10. The Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1991 BC • 11th Dynasty • Mentuhotep II • Established capital at Thebes • Expansion south along Nile • 12th Dynasty • Amenemhet I • Mentuhotep’s vizier • Senusret I • Conquest of Nubia • Fortresses, mining • first rock-cut tombs • Amenemhet III • Land reclamation • Labyrinth pyramid at Hawara Shrine of Senusret I 1991- 1786 BC Pyramid of Hawara GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  11. Second Intermediate Period Hyksos chariot 1786 - 1650 BC • 13th & 14th Dynasties • Military decline • Hyksos Dynasties (15 & 16) • “rulers of foreign lands”, from Canaan • settled in eastern Delta • introduced chariots, horses, bows, armour • adopted Egyptian language, customs • 17th Dynasty • Fierce families from Luxor • Challenged Hyksos kings 1650 -1567 BC GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  12. The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 1 • Dynasty of empire building • Conquest & lavish temples, tombs • Ahmose I • Drove Hyksos out of Egypt • Tight central control • Thutmose I • Extended empire to 3rd cataract • Led army to Euphrates River • Queen Hatshepsut • Commercial expansion e.g. Punt • temple at Deir El-Bahari 1567 - 1546 BC 1525 -1512 BC Obelisk of Thutmose I 1504 - 1482 BC Queen Hatshepsut GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  13. Amenhotep III The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 2 1504 - 1450 BC • Thutmose III • Conquest of Palestine and Syria • Effective army and navy, administration • Tribute built temples at Karnak, Abydos • Amenhotep III • Extensive architecture e.g. Luxor, Thebes • Peace and prosperity, height of empire • Amarna Letters: clay records of diplomacy • Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) • Banned all cults except sun god Aten • Queen Nefertiti: famous beauty • Removed wealth of Amen temples • New styles in art and literature 1402-1364 BC 1350-1334 BC Nefertiti and Akhenaten GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  14. The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 3 1361 - 1352 BC • Tutankhamen • Child Pharaoh • Priest advisers restored old cults • Intact tomb found in 1922, Howard Carter • Horemheb • Tutankhamen’s general of army • Restored order, central administration • Moved army against invaders Tutankhamen Horemheb’s Tomb GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  15. The New Kingdom:19th & 20th Dynasty 1318 - 1155 BC • restoration of military power • Seti I • Reconquest of Palestine • Ramses II • Military campaigns: Battle of Kadesh • Extensive building program • Temple of Amen at Karnak • Temple of Rameses at Abu Simbel • Queen Nefertari • End: weak leadership, powerful Theban priests ruled Upper Egypt Ramses II at Abu Simbel Queen Nefertari GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  16. Third Intermediate Period:Libya 1085 - 945 BC • Period of peace and stability, divided kingdom • 21st Dynasty • Egypt split, two capitals • Tanis in North (Nile Delta) • Thebes in South • 22nd Dynasty • Libyan military • reconquered Palestine & Syria • ended in competing dynasties 945 - 730 BC GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  17. Third Intermediate Period:Nubia Shabaka • 25th Dynasty • Nubia conquered Egypt • kept Egyptian traditions • Invasion by Assyria • Thebes sacked • 26th Dynasty • Libyan power assured peace • Suez canal built, Syrian campaigns • Peace, prosperity • Strong Greek influences 716 - 656 BC 664 - 525 BC Kush (Nubia) GNED002 - Ancient Empires Suez Canal

  18. Third Intermediate Period:Persia Persian Empire 525 - 404 BC • 27th Dynasty • Egypt as Persian satrapy, breadbasket • Peace, prosperity • 28th - 30th Dynasty • Return of Egyptian rule under Artaxerxes II • 31st Dynasty • Persian Artaxerxes III reconquers • dark period: temples sacked, heavy tribute demanded 404 - 343 BC 343 - 332 BC Persian coin Darius I GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  19. The Graeco-RomanPeriod Alexander the Great 332 - 323 BC • Alexander the Great • Founded Alexandria • Installed Ptolemies as rulers • Ptolemy I • Alexander’s general as satrap • Later became independent • Introduction of coins • Eliminated barter system • Fusion of Egyptian & Greek elements Ptolemy I coin 323 - 284 BC Temple of Isis at Phylae GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  20. Ptolemies Ptolemy II 284 - 246 BC • Ptolemy II • Called Philadelphus • Unified administration, did census • Alexandria library, literature & science • Ptolemy III • Consolidated empire • Built Horus Temple at Edfu • Ptolemy V • Golden age of arts and science • Rosetta Stone written in Greek and Egyptian 246 - 221 BC Horus temple at Edfu 210 - 180 BC Rosetta Stone GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  21. End of Egyptian Rule Julius Caesar 180 - 51 BC • Ptolemy VI - XII • Increasing Roman influence • Cleopatra VII • Ruled with brother Ptolemy XIII • 3 years, then civil war • Julius Caesar defeated brother • Caesar murdered 44 BC • Romance with Mark Antony • Antony defeated by Octavian (Augustus Caesar) at Actium • Death of Cleopatra • Egypt becomes Roman province • Supplies food to Roman Empire 51 - 30 BC Mark Antony Cleopatra VII GNED002 - Ancient Empires

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