An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

1. Exercise ScienceSection 4: Joint Mechanics and Joint Injuries An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

2. Types of Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint

3. Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket joint Gliding joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Saddle joint Ellipsoid joint

4. The Characteristics of a Synovial Joint Bone Blood vessels Nerve Joint cavity (filled with synovial fluid) Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Articular cartilage Bursa Tendon sheath Membranous layer Tendon Periosteum Fibrous layer

5. Tissue Properties • Tendons: • Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein) • Attach muscle to bone • Vascular • Ligaments: • Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue • Attach bone to bone • Avascular

6. Common Sport Injuries • Strains, pulls, and tears • Terms used to describe injuries to all joint tissue types • Tendinitis • Inflammation of a tendon • Dislocations • Bone displaced from its original location • Separations • Fibrous ligaments that bind the bones tear and separate • Cartilage • Torn cartilage • Shin splints • Tearing of the interosseous membrane or the periosteum Tendinitis

7. Proper Treatment of an Injury

8. The Shoulder Joint Clavicle Acromioclavicular ligament Coracoclavicular ligament Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Coracoid process Glenohumeral ligaments and joint capsule Scapula Tendon of biceps brachii (long head) Humerus

9. Shoulder Joint Injuries • Biceps tendinitis • Caused by overuse of the biceps brachii muscle • Shoulder separation • Tearing of the acromioclavicular ligament • Shoulder dislocation • Occurs when the humerus “pops out” of the glenoid fossa • Rotator cuff tears • An injury to one of the rotator cuff tendons Shoulder separation

10. The Knee Joint – Anterior Quadriceps tendon Patella Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament Patellar ligament Fibula Tibial tuberosity Tibia

11. The Knee Joint Anterior (deep) Femur Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament removed Medial (Tibial) collateral ligamentremoved Lateral Condyle Medial Condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral Meniscus Medial Meniscus Tibial Tuberosity Fibula Tibia

12. The Knee Joint – Posterior Femur Adductor magnus tendon Medial head of gastrocnemius tendon Lateral head of gastrocnemius tendon Semimembranosus tendon Oblique popliteal ligament Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament Fibular head Fibula Tibia

13. The Knee Joint – Posterior (deep) Femur Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament Medial meniscus Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament Popliteal tendon Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament Fibula Tibia

14. Knee Joint Injuries • Knee ligament tears • Q-angle may contribute to the predisposition of ACL tears • Osgood-Schlatter syndrome • Affects the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity • Patellofemoral Syndrome (PFS) • Gradual onset of anterior knee pain/pain around the patella Osgood-Schlatter syndrome

15. The Ankle Joint – Medial View Tibia Medial malleolus Deltoid ligament Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Long plantar ligament

16. The Ankle Joint – Lateral View Tibia Fibula Lateral malleolus Anterior tibiofibular ligament Posterior tibiofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament Calcaneus Anterior talofibular ligament

17. Ankle Joint Injuries • Inversion sprains • “twisted ankle” • Eversion sprains • Occurs to the deltoid ligament • Pott’s Fracture • A force on the medial side of ankle causing the deltoid ligament to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus; and a break of the fibula Inversion sprain