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Chapter 15 Document and Handwriting Analysis

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 1. Document Analysis. That an expert analyst can individualize handwriting to a particular person. What types of evidence are submitted to the document analyst. Three types of forgery. How to characterize different types of paper. . Students will learn:. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

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Chapter 15 Document and Handwriting Analysis

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    1. Chapter 15 Document and Handwriting Analysis “The handwriting on the wall may be a forgery” —Ralph Hodgson, British poet

    2. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1 Document Analysis That an expert analyst can individualize handwriting to a particular person. What types of evidence are submitted to the document analyst. Three types of forgery. How to characterize different types of paper.

    3. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2 Document Analysis Students will be able to: Analyze handwriting using 12 points of analysis. Detect deliberately disguised handwriting. Detect erasures and develop impression writing. Design an experiment using paper chromatography to determine which pen altered a note. List safeguards against the counterfeiting of U.S. currency.

    4. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 3 Questioned Documents Involves the examination of handwriting, ink, paper, etc. to ascertain source or authenticity Examples include letters, checks, licenses, contracts, wills, passports Investigations include: verification, authentication, characterizing papers, pigments, and inks

    5. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 4 Related Fields Historical Dating—the verification of age and value of a document or object Fraud Investigation—focuses on the money trail and criminal intent Paper and Ink Specialists—date, type, source, and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges Forgery Specialists—analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos Typewriting Analysts—determine origin, make, and models Computer Crime Investigators—investigate cybercrime

    6. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 5 Document Examination Forensic Document Examination involves the analysis and comparison of questioned documents with known material in order to identify whenever possible, the author or origin of the questioned document.

    7. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 6 Handwriting sample legality Doesn’t violate the 5th amendement Right not to self-incriminate Case: “Gilbert V. California” Doesn’t violate the 4th amendement Protections against unreasonable search and seizure Case: “United States v. Mara”

    8. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 7 Handwriting Handwriting analysis involves two phases: The hardware—ink, paper, pens, pencils, typewriter, printers Visual examination of the writing

    9. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 8 The 12 Handwriting Characteristics (#1-6) Line Quality –are letters erratic or shaky Word and Letter Spacing – spaced or crowded Size consistency – compares ratio of height to width Continuous - pen lifts or continuous writing Connecting letters – are capitals and lower-case letters connected and continuous Letters complete – are letters fully written or partially

    10. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 9 The 12 Handwriting Characteristics (#7-12) 7. Cursive/Printed – cursive printed or both (when) 8. Pen Pressure – equal ^ and V strokes 9. Slant – left, right, variable, no slant? 10. Line Habits – above line, below line, on line? 11. Flourishes or Embellishments – fancy curls? 12. Diacritic Placement – correct, misplaced, t’s crossed towards top/bottom, i’s dotted? Dotted to the right/left/centered?

    11. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 10 COMPARING HANDWRITING Overall form Size, shape, slant, proportion,and beginning and ending strokes of the letters Line features Writing speed, fluidity, pen pressure, spacing between letters & words, and how letters are connected Margins and Format Width of margins Content Grammar, punctuation, word choice, repeated phrases

    12. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 11 Handwriting Identification Analysis of the “knowns” with a determination of the characteristics found in the known Analysis of the questioned or unknown writing and determination of its characteristics Comparison of the questioned writing with the known writing. Evaluation of the evidence, including the similarities and dissimilarities between the “questioned” and “known” writing The document examiner must have enough exemplars to make a determination of whether or not the two samples match.

    13. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 12 FORGERY FORGERY = Items prepared with intent to deceive.

    14. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 13 Handwriting Samples The tested subject should: not be shown the questioned document not be told how to spell words or use punctuation use materials similar to those used in the original document be asked to sign the text always have a witness

    15. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 14 Methods of Forgery Simulated forgery—one made by copying a genuine signature Traced forgery—one made by tracing a genuine signature Blind forgery—made without a model of the signature

    16. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 15 Types of Forgery Check Fraud Forgery Counterfeit Alterations Paper Money Counterfeit Identity Social Security Driver’s license Credit Cards Theft of card or number Art—imitation with intent to deceive Microscopic examination Electromagnetic radiation Chemical analysis Contracts—alterations of contracts, medical records

    17. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 16 Document Alterations Obliterations—removal of writing by physical or chemical means can be detected by: Microscopic examination UV or infrared (IR) light Digital image processing Indentations can be detected by: Oblique lighting Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)

    18. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 17 Famous Forgers and Forgeries Major George Byron (Lord Byron forgeries) Thomas Chatterton (Literary forgeries) John Payne Collier (Printed forgeries) Dorman David (Texas Declaration of Independence) Mark Hofmann (Mormon, Freemason forgeries) William Henry Ireland (Shakespeare forgeries) Clifford Irving (Howard Hughes forgery) Konrad Kujau (Hitler Diaries) James Macpherson (Ossian manuscript) George Psalmanasar (Literary forgery) Alexander Howland Smith (Historical documents)

    19. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 18 Forensic Linguist Experts that look at the linguistic content (the way something is written) of a questioned document. Language that is used can help to establish the writer’s age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, professional training, and ideology.

    20. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 19 Graphology Junk science that determines personality based on characteristics of handwriting

    21. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 20 Ink Chromatography is a method of physically separating the components of inks Types HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography TLC—thin-layer chromatography Paper Chromatography

    22. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 21 Paper Chromatography of Ink Two samples of black ink from two different manufacturers have been characterized using paper chromatography.

    23. Retention Factor (Rf) A number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.

    24. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 23 3 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN ANALYZING INK CHROMATOGRAPHY SOLVENT INK PAPER

    25. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 24 Paper Differences Raw material Weight Density Thickness Color Watermarks Age Fluorescence

    26. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 25 Pencils Lead Hardness Scale—a traditional measure of the hardness of the "leads" (actually made of graphite) in pencils. The hardness scale, from softer to harder, takes the form ..., 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, ..., with the standard "number 2" pencil being of hardness 2H.

    27. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 26 Evidence Class characteristics may include general types of pens, pencils or paper. Individual characteristics may include unique, individual handwriting characteristics; trash marks from copiers, or printer serial numbers.

    28. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 27 Counterfeiting In 1996 the government starting adding new security features to our paper money due to the advanced copying technologies that have raised the incidences of counterfeiting. Subtle background colors have been added along with other features to discourage counterfeiting.

    29. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 28 DISTINGUISHING FROM COUNTERFIT

    30. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 29 $ AT THE CHEKOUT COUNTER Pass Turns yellow Fail Black or dark brown

    31. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 30

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    33. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 32 4th amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

    34. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33 More about Document Analysis For additional information about document and handwriting analysis, check out Court TV’s Crime Library at: lwww.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/literary/1.htm Or forgery cases at: www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/scams/lincoln_forgers/index.html

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