British Industrialization

1. British Industrialization How Britain became an Industrial Power Machines Child Labor Politics *How Britain Effected the World Science Economy BY: ALESHA S., ANNA M., ASHLEY B., CRYSTAL G., and JULIA C. Works Cited

2. Theinventors The inventors of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to the aide of production and advancement in factories. The inventors listed below made major inventions that affected the Industrial Revolution. • John Kay • James Hargreaves • James Watt • Edmund Cartwright • Eli Whitney • Thomas Newcomen • Richard Arkwright • Robert Fulton

3. John Kay • 1704-1780 • Invented the cotton gin in 1733 • Home was attacked from angry textile workers; afraid that his invention would take their jobs • Fled to England; died from poverty around 1780

4. James Hargreaves • 1720-1722 • Weaver • Carpenter • Inventor from Lancashire, England • Invented Spinning Jennifer or “Spinning Jenny” in 1764

5. Thomas Newcomen • 1664-1729 • Ironmonger • Created the first practical steam engine used to pump water; invention known as the “Newcomen steam machine”

6. JAMES WATT • 1936-1819 • Home-schooled for most of his life • Opened a workshop with his friend Professor John Robison • Acknowledged for perfecting the Newcomen’s engine

7. Edmund cartwright • 1743-1823 • English Clergyman • Made first power loom in 1784 but patented it in 1785 • Also known for patented wool combing machine in 1789

8. Eli wHITNEY • 1765-1825 • Invented the cotton gin on March 14th, 1794 • Also invented the first musket with interchangeable parts • Worked as a farm laborer and a school teacher • Wanted to study law

9. Richard arkwright • 1732-1792 • Invented spinning frame • Invention first powered by water wheels • Built first textile mill in Cromford, England in 1774 • 30,000 people employed in 785 factories using Arkwright’s patent

10. Robert Fulton • 1765-1815 • American engineer and inventor • Developed a new type of steam warship • Commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1800 to design the Nautilus, to make the first practical submarine

11. Child LaborIndustry in Britain

12. Apprenticeships When the concept of child labor was still new, children worked as apprentices and learned a specific trade, receiving training instead of wages. Some also worked as chimney sweeps, starting as young as four years old. The chimney sweep was considered one of the most exploited child workers of the time.

13. Industry and Factories • 1769- The first textile mills were built. • Factory labor systems were criticized for • strict discipline • harsh punishment • unhealthy working conditions • low wages • inflexible work hours

14. The concept of child labor as abuse and exploitation of children became a major subject of debate. Children as young as five years old worked as many as sixteen hours a day, six days a week. They often went all day without meals or breaks. Supporters of child labor argued that conditions in factories were no worse than at home or in the fields and the work was beneficial to the children and their families.

16. How Britain Became an Industrial Power • The term Industrial Revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the period itself. • The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods. • Some of this increase in production resulted from the introduction of power-driven machinery and the development of factory organization. Before the revolution, manufacturing was done by hand or simple machines. • Britain had a better transportation network than any other country in Europe. The British also had mastery of the seas, excellent ports, and a large merchant fleet. • The term Industrial Revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the period itself • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700s. It started spreading to other parts of Europe and to North America in the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s, industrialization had become widespread in western Europe and the northeastern United States. 

17. The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods. Some of this increase in production resulted from the introduction of power-driven machinery and the development of factory organization. • Before the revolution, manufacturing was done by hand or simple machines. • Power-driven machines replaced handwork, and factories developed as the best way of bringing together the machines and the workers to operate them.  • The country had large deposits of coal and iron, the two natural resources on which early industrialization largely depended. Other industrial raw materials came from Great Britain's colonies. • Great Britain's colonies not only provided raw materials, but also provided markets for manufactured products. These colonial markets helped stimulate the textile and iron industries, which were probably the two most important industries during the Industrial Revolution. • Individual investors played a vital part in the growth of the Industrial Revolution from the beginning. Many English merchants made fortunes during the 1700's from European wars, from the slave trade with North America, or from commerce with Britain's colonies. These merchants and other English people began seeking investment opportunities after seeing industries make large profits. • Most banks did not directly invest in factories or make loans to factory owners for the purchase of machinery. Some banks, however, made short-term loans to industrialists to cover their operating expenses. Such loans allowed industrialists to use their own money to buy equipment and improve and expand their factories. Banks mainly provided credit to farmers, wholesalers, and retail merchants, who then placed orders with manufacturers. How Britain Became an Industrial Power Continued

18. The Effects on Politics • Although Britan had become a monarch, the majority of the population were deprived from the electoral system… As it’s industry grew(along with a stronger middle class) britan needed an electoral reform to balance it’s new power. • Chartism- an ideology that called for poilical reform in the country. Chartism’s name was based on the People’s Charter ( a document written in 1838 by William Lovett and other radicals of the London Working Men’s Association).

19. The Charter called for several changes to the Parliamentary system: • Universal Male Suffrage • Annual Parliaments • Vote by ballot • Equal electoral votes for the residents

20. Socialism • Socialism- System of government where the state plans and controls the economy and collectively owns the means of producing and distributing goods. • Socialism grew during the 1800’s as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It’s asserting nature, proclaiming more state influence, equal rights, and an end to brutality, and it strongly opposed Individualism and Laissez-faire politics (The policy that the government should leave the market to it’s own devices and should not interfere with the economy).

21. St. Simon • He was a French Aristocrat. Also he was one of the first socialist. He supported the public controls of means of production and recognized that the economy’s organization of society was very important in the different types of society. • He also believed in historical precedent, like Marx, and said that history progressed through construction and deconstruction.

22. Robert Owen • And English entrepreneur who turned into a socialist. He was very successful in the textile industry, getting a huge fortune before turning his interest to the circumstances of workers. • He is called the “Father of British Socialism”. He established a community that provided excellent working conditions. He made funded schools, non-profit stores, and other social services.

23. Karl Marx • Born in Germany, Karl Marx was a political philosopher. He went to Paris where he made friends with Friedrich Engels. Marx accepted Socialism. • He outlined his belief that all directions of an individual’s life are determinded by that individual’s relationship to the means of production. • Karl also believed that the only changes in this power structure would come through revolution. This theory is now know as The Marx Dialectic.

24. The Marxist Dialectic • At the ending the group in control, the thesis- or the existing society, with it’s power fixed in a certain class. • Against the them is the Anti-Thesis, the group that wants social change and doesn’t have any power • When the tightness has grown sufficient, a revolution happens. • In Marx theory, revolution was the only method to instigate real social change. • The result of the Revolution is the Synthesis, which is a combination between the Thesis and the Anti-thesis. This, in turn, becomes the new thesis, and remains so until a new Anti-thesis sparks another revolution. • In the end, the result of this was communism, a utopian society based on equality between individuals with all having equal access to the means of production.

25. Machines helped productivity levels rise. • More products made in less time. • Machines invented • Steam engine • Throstle (water frame) • Spinning machines • Spinning jenny • Weaving These are some of the inventions that were very helpful in people’s every day life. Machines

26. The spining Jenny The spinning jenny was used to help produce yarn in less time.

27. Steam ENgine The steam engine was first used to pump water out of mines. The later steam engine was used for productive uses by using them as a driving force of the industrial revolution.

28. THrostle A machine formerly used for spinning fibers such as cotton or wool. .

29. How Britain effected the world!! By 1848 the British produced more iron than the rest of the world combined. As in textile production, in iron making a number of inventions appeared to respond to problems. Refining of the brittle cast iron was improved to make it more malleable and tougher. At the same time more efficient mining processes for both coal and iron ore were used to ensure a constant supply of raw materials. To further dominate the metals market, in the 1850s Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) developed a process to make steel, a harder and more malleable metal, quickly and cheaply. So effective was the process that between 1856 and 1870 the price of British steel fell to one half the amount formerly charged for the best grade of iron. The drastic reduction in price, a mark of industrialization, had a positive impact on all areas of the economy. In the period after midcentury Britain produced more than two-thirds of the world's coal and more than half of the world's iron and cloth. Industrial development encouraged urbanization and by 1850 more than half of the population lived in cities and worked in industries. The British continued to enjoy the highest per capita income in the world, and the island nation stood head and shoulders above the world in terms of economic and material strength

30. Continued Britain helped with providing the world with machines and other technological advancements. They have left lasting effects around the world.

31. Economy By: Ashley Bandish, Anna McJunkin, Alesha Shatley, Crystal Genaux, Julia Collver

32. FACTORS • The following conditions were some major factors that contributed to the increase of Britain's economy: • Road improvements • Canal construction • Ocean trade monopoly • Strong military forces • Excellent national banking system • Inventions • Increased productivity

33. SCIENCE • New inventions made it possible for the increase in factory production. The new ideas led to better technology, mass production and eventually a surplus. • Some inventions that were made are below: • Flying shuttle • Spinning Jenny • Power loom • Cotton gin • Atmospheric engine • Watt's steam engine  • These inventions helped to make the products more efficient, the workers safer and production faster.

34. TRADE • Britain traded goods such as: tobacco, sugar, tea, and slaves internationally

35. New water system • A sewer running water in individual homes • Provides a much more sanitary environment

36. Modern Iron Age • Exported five times as much iron as imported • In 1848, produced more iron than the whole world

37. Education increase • Education increased due to Britain’s factories being able to afford to give their workers higher wages. Therefore, more people were getting higher statuses in society.

38. Steel • Henry Bessemer developed a process to make steel harder and more malleable • British steel fell to one half the amount charged for the best grade of iron • Had a positive effect on the economy

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40. Works Cited Continued Bellis, Mary. "Flying Shuttle - John Kay." Inventors. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blflyingshuttle.htm>. Category. "Inventors." Inventors. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blspinnningframe.htm>. "Harlem Renaissance - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566483/harlem_renaissance.html>. "Howstuffworks "HowStuffWorks Video Channel"." Howstuffworks "HowStuffWorks Video Channel". 24 Apr. 2009 <http://videos.howstuffworks.com>. "Index of /chana/staffpages/." Placer Union High School District. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://www.puhsd.k12.ca.us/chana/staffpages>. "Industrial Revolution in Britain." University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://www.umassd.edu/ir/>.

41. Works Cited Continued "Lecture 17: The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England." The History Guide -- Main. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html>. "Life in Britain during the Industrial Revolution." UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland . 24 Apr. 2009 <http://www.umbc.edu/history/CHE/techerpages/indrev.html>. "Palmer Hayden: Biography from Answers.com." Answers.com - Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia and much more. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://www.answers.com/topic/palmer-hayden>. "The Industrial Revolution in Britain." The Midthun Family Home Page. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://www.midthun.net/the.htm>. loom., using a spring mechanism that sent the shuttle across the. "Industrialization: The First Phase: 1700-1850." Emayzine 2001. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://emayzine.com/lectures/indust~2.htm>.