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THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918. The Assassination. Austria - Hungary. the empire was a mixed bag of many different ethnic groups, languages, religions and customs Austrians and Hungarians were the two largest but together they made up less than 50% of the population
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918
The Assassination
Austria - Hungary • the empire was a mixed bag of many different ethnic groups, languages, religions and customs • Austrians and Hungarians were the two largest • but together they made up less than 50% of the population • the A-H government hated nationalism….it threatened their power and control • the government despised Serbians and Serbia • “The Serbian Menace”
Serbia • Serbia wanted to make the Serbians living in Austria-Hungary, part of a “Greater(Yugo) Serbia(Slavia)” • The Black Hand was created in Serbia. • secret organization whose goal it was to unite all Slavs in the Balkans by any means necessary • the Balkans were considered the “powder keg” of Europe
The Target Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of A-H) (intended target) Duchess Sophie
The Assassin The assassin, 19-year-old, GavriloPrincip, burned with the fire of Slavic nationalism. He envisioned the death of the Archduke as the key that would unlock the shackles binding his people to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
What happened on 28 June, 1914? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vaRWhADXwU
What happened on 28 June, 1914? Left: the Archduke’s blood stained uniform. Above: picture of GavriloPrincip moments after the assassination.
Princip quotes from his trial and imprisonment: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria." —During his trial in 1914. "I am not a criminal, for I destroyed a bad man. I thought I was right." —Princip after he performed his assassination "There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing away. I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their path to freedom." —Princip to the prison governor on being moved to another prison
Fallout – The Domino Effect July 23, 1914: Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum; Serbia refuses the ultimatum. July 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia July 29, 1914: Russia orders full mobilization of its troops August 1,1914: Germany declares war on Russia
August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France. August 4, 1914: Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army. (Schlieffen Plan). The Britain declares war on Germany. August 6, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. Serbia declares war on Germany. August 11, 1914: France declares war on Austria-Hungary. August 12, 1914: Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Two bullets would lead to the deaths of a further 20 million people! World War I
ALLIES CENTRAL POWERS
Armistice Armistice: is a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. Armisticewas signed on Nov. 11, 1918 at 11am. On November 11th l918, at 10:58 a.m. – two minutes before the armistice, George Price, 28th Canadian Battalion, was shot and killed by a German sniper. Likely the last allied soldier to be killed in that war.
Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailleswas one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual the physical fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.
Treaty of Versailles con’t. The Big Four David Lloyd George – Great Britain Woodrow Wilson -- USA Vitorrio Orlando -- Italy George Clemenceau -- France
Spectrum of National Interest at the Treaty of Versailles -- Big Four Revenge – Make Germany Pay!! Obtain Lands Peace Without Victory (France and Great Britain) (Italy) (United States) At the peace conference the members of the Big Four had separate agendas and vastly different national interests in mind when dealing with a defeated Germany.
Woodrow Wilson (USA) : • felt that punishing and humiliating Germany would only lead to problems in the future; wanted a humane treaty • Clemenceau (FRA): • revenge for past aggressions • fear of future German aggression and wanted to cripple Germany • Lloyd George (GB): • wanted Germany to pay for damages and losses • maintain naval access to colonies -- powerful Germany navy might threaten that • Orlando (ITA): • promised land by Allies if switched sides -- never received
Treaty of Versailles con’t. • Germany was forced to sign (diktat…no negotiations) otherwise hostilities would be renewed. • Main provisions of the treaty: • Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the War (one of the most important and controversial ……later known as the War Guilt clause) • Germany had to disarm • No draft, no air force • Army limited to 100,000 men • Navy limited to 15,000 men • Germany had give up substantial territories in Europe and in their colonies • Lost all colonies in Africa and Asia • Germany had pay reparations to certain countries • $ 33,000,000,000 (393 billion dollars in today's money) • saddled with unimaginable debt that would plunge the country into economic hardship • 5. Germany and Austria could never unify into one nation • The new government called the Weimar Republic replaced the 2nd Reich (formerly led by Wilhelm II who was now holed up in the Netherlands). The new gov’t did not want to sign the Treaty but in the end did not have a choice. • A legacy of bitterness would be left that would pave the way for the rise of Hitler and the Second World War.
