Understanding Blood: Composition, Functions, and Disorders

1. Blood

2. Blood • The only fluid tissue in the human body • Classified as a connective tissue • _______________= formed elements • _________________= plasma

3. Blood Figure 10.1

4. Blood Plasma • Composed of approximately __ percent water • Includes many dissolved substances • Nutrients • ______________ • Respiratory gases • ______________ • Proteins • ______________

5. Plasma Proteins • _________ proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured • ______________ – help protect the body from antigens

6. Formed Elements • ___________ = red blood cells • Leukocytes = ____________ cells • ___________ = cell fragments

7. Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear Figure 10.2

8. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood Table 10.2

9. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood Table 10.2

10. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) • The main function is to ______________ • Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes • __________________ • Essentially bags of hemoglobin • ___________________________ • Contain very few organelles • Outnumber white blood cells __________

11. Hemoglobin • Iron-containing protein • Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen • Each hemoglobin molecule has ________________________________ • Each erythrocyte has ______ million hemoglobin molecules

12. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease • These are complete cells, with a _________ and ____________ • Able to move into and out of blood vessels • Can move by __________ motion • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

13. Leukocyte Levels in the Blood • Normal levels are between _________ and ________ cells per millimeter • Abnormal leukocyte levels • _______________ • Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml • Generally indicates an infection • _______________ • Abnormally low leukocyte level • Commonly caused by certain drugs

14. Leukocytes • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________

15. Platelets • Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (________________) • Needed for the clotting process • Normal platelet count = __________________

16. Hematopoiesis • ______________ formation • Occurs in ______________________ • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (_________________)

17. Fate of Erythrocytes • Unable to ________________, or ______________________ • Wear out in _____________days • When worn out, are eliminated by ___________ in the _____ or ____ • Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts

18. Control of Erythrocyte Production • Rate is controlled by a hormone (_______________) • ____________ produce most erythropoietin as a response to ______________ levels in the blood • Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

19. Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5

20. Blood Clotting • Blood usually clots within _________ minutes • The clot remains as ____________ regenerates • The clot is broken down after tissue repair

21. Fibrin Clot Figure 10.7

22. Undesirable Clotting • _____________ • A clot in an unbroken blood vessel • Can be deadly in areas like the _______ • _____________ • A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the ______________ • Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the ________

23. Bleeding Disorders • ___________________ • ___________ deficiency • Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting • _____________ • _____________ bleeding disorder • Normal clotting factors are missing

24. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Large losses of blood have serious consequences • Loss of __________ percent causes weakness • Loss of over _____ percent causes shock, which can be fatal • Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly • Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

25. Human Blood Groups • Blood contains genetically determined proteins • A foreign protein (_________) may be attacked by the immune system • Blood is “typed” by using ___________ that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (_________________)

26. Human Blood Groups • There are over _____ common red blood cell antigens • The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _________ and _____ blood group antigens

27. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens • __________ • __________ • The lack of these antigens is called __________

28. ABO Blood Groups • The presence of both A and B is called _________ • The presence of either A or B is called types ___________, respectively

29. Rh Blood Groups • Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) • Most Americans are Rh+ • Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood

30. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor

31. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child • The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems • The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy • In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

32. Blood Typing • Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum • Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type • Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner

33. Blood Typing Figure 10.8