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Biomethane as a road transport fuel

Biomethane as a road transport fuel. Steve Carroll Cenex September 2009. Biomethane as a road transport fuel Introduction. What is it? How do we make it? How do we store and dispense it into vehicles? Vehicle technology Biomethane vehicle emissions Vehicle availability

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Biomethane as a road transport fuel

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  1. Biomethane as a road transport fuel Steve Carroll Cenex September 2009

  2. Biomethane as a road transport fuelIntroduction • What is it? • How do we make it? • How do we store and dispense it into vehicles? • Vehicle technology • Biomethane vehicle emissions • Vehicle availability • Camden biomethane trial • Vehicles in the UK • Cenex biomethane toolkit and calculator capabilities • EU and UK legislation and incentives

  3. Biomethane as a road transport fuelDefinition & terminology • Biogas - is used to describe the gas made in anaerobic digesters or land fill sites typically 65% methane and 35% carbon dioxide, with contaminants in the form of water, hydrogen sulphide and siloxanes CH4 CO2 • Biomethane – is upgraded biogas. the upgrade process removes the contaminants and the majority of the carbon dioxide removed. Biomethane is typically 97% methane, 2% carbon dioxide and 1% oxygen • Natural gas – is used to describe a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane CH4 • Petroleum gas (LPG) - is used to describe a gas produced when refining petroleum, typically supplied as a variable mix of propane and butane. C3H8

  4. Biomethane as a road transport fuelAnaerobic digestion process • Conversion of organic matter • to methane and CO2 • Sewage • Manure • Slurry • Food waste • -Slaughter house waste • -Organic fraction on municipal solid waste (OFMSW) • -Green waste • -Energy crops Pre-processing Delivery Photos courtesy of Monsal

  5. Biomethane as a road transport fuelBiogas upgrading • Biogas from AD contains ~60% methane and 40% CO2 plus N, O2, CO, Moisture and contaminants of H2S & Siloxanes • Biomethane typically > 96% methane • Also, • Pressure swing adsorption • Cryogenic separation

  6. Biomethane as a road transport fuelBiomethane storage and dispensing • Station types • Compressed gas (CNG, CBM) • Fast fill: Refilling station has a large compressor and storage tanks to hold pre-compressed gas at rising pressures (storage cascades) • Slow fill: Overnight fill station compressing gas directly into vehicle tanks • Liquefied gas (LNG, LBM) • Refilling station holds liquefied gas in a cryogenic container, Liquid is passed to a similar container on the vehicle • Liquefied and Compressed gas (LCNG or LCBM) • Liquefied gas is stored as above, the station can also deliver compressed gas by gasifying the liquid and capturing boil off

  7. Biomethane as a road transport fuelVehicle technologies • Dedicated engine • SI engine optimised for running on gas. Low noise, low air quality emissions, limited to SI combustion efficiency. • Bi-fuel engine • SI engine modified to operated on gas but maintains the ability to run on petrol as a back-up fuelling system • Dual fuel • CI engine, vehicle modified to operate on a mixture of gas and diesel. Up to ~ 80% gas substitution achievable. Maintains CI efficiency and ability to operate on diesel fuel. Available as retrofit. Limited CO2 and noise benefit. Heavy duty applications Heavy duty applications Light duty applications Current use of technologies by vehicle type

  8. Biomethane as a road transport fuelBiomethane energy density Relative energy density of road fuels

  9. Biomethane as a road transport fuelCarbon emissions • TTW (Tank-to-wheel) considers tail pipe emissions from vehicles • WTW (Well-to-wheel) considers emissions associated with fuel extraction, processing, delivery and dispensing Emission data from CONCAWE, Gasrec analysis from CENEX Camden biomethane study

  10. Biomethane as a road transport fuelAir quality and noise emissions • 70dB(A) Vacuum cleaner 60dB(A) Dishwasher 50dB(A) Gentle rainfall

  11. Biomethane as a road transport fuelEU Vehicle availability • Light duty • Medium duty • Heavy duty • Buses

  12. Biomethane as a road transport fuelWorldwide vehicle availability

  13. Biomethane as a road transport fuelUK Vehicle availability and cost

  14. Biomethane as a road transport fuelSummary • Low carbon fuel • Air quality benefits • Vehicle noise reduction • Reduces waste to landfill • Reduces cost? • dependent on application (annual mileage and mpg) • cost of biomethane vs diesel • asset life

  15. Biomethane as a road transport fuelPerformance and reliability • Performance • Reliability • Sustainability

  16. Biomethane as a road transport fuelSustainability • Performance • Reliability • Sustainability Carbon dioxide emissions Air quality emissions

  17. Biomethane as a road transport fuelConclusions • Performance • Reliability • Sustainability • BM CO2 saving 56% WTW over CNG • Engine wear and contaminants within normal levels except 2% WC • Reduction in PM and NOx of 30% and 53% against Euro VI legislation • New Iveco Daily displayed 6% improvement in fuel consumption

  18. Biomethane as a road transport fuelVehicles UK

  19. Biomethane as a road transport fuelToolkit

  20. Biomethane as a road transport fuelCalculator Allows initial bespoke analysis of AD facility capacity and feedstock required to fuel a transport fleet on biomethane, outputs environmental and cost benefit information Detailed business case. Omits capital and maintenance cost for plant operation and any income generated from landfill tax avoidance • Calculate methane yields from a given type and quantity of feedstock from anaerobic digestion plants • Calculate the heat, power and revenues available from CHP systems • Calculate biomethane available for use as a vehicle fuel accounting for parasitic energy demands of the anaerobic digester and upgrading and compression facilities • Calculate biomethane required to power transportation fleets (dedicated or dual fuel technologies) • Compare environmental and cost implications of running a fleet on biomethane compared with fossil diesel or petrol

  21. Biomethane as a road transport fuelBiomethane calculator sample output

  22. Biomethane as a road transport fuelPolicy drivers and market instruments • European legislation • UK Legislation and incentives • Other fiscal incentives • EU Biofuels Directive - 5.75% by energy content for 2010 • The Renewable Energy Directive – 10% bio-fuel content by 2020 • European Emissions Trading Scheme – include surface transport post 2012 • EU Landfill Directive – sets landfill reduction target across member states • Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 2008 (RTFO) • 3.25 % Biofuels April 2010 (Sustainability criteria apply) ~ 9 p/kg • Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS) • Cap and trade system, buy out price £150/tonne • Fuel Duty – 19.2 p/kg biomethane vs 54.2p/litre (45.2p/kg) for diesel • Bus Service Operators Grant (BSOG) – 6p/km • The competition • Biogas can be used to generate electricity – 2 x ROCs = ~10p/kWhe • Renewable Heat Incentive due 2011 (consultation) = ~ £2.25 per therm ~ £7.7p/kWh

  23. Biomethane as a road transport fuelInformation available from Cenex • Camden biomethane trial report • www.cenex.co.uk Projects - Biomethane Vehicle Trial • Feasibility study for the installation of a regional AD facility producing biomethane as a road transport fuel • www.cenex.co.uk Consultancy – Regional Anaerobic Digestion Facility • Cenex biomethane toolkit and calculator • www.cenex.co.uk Enquiry form • Request your free copy

  24. Thank you for your attention www.cenex.co.uk

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