The Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Globalization: New Directions in Science, Government, and Art

1. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment NOTE THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND OTHER EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION AS YOU GO!

2. New Directions in Science • Renaissance lead to expansion of scientific discovery • Aristotle’s (Greek) thoughts on logic dominated the Medieval Ages • Started questioning ancient thinkers • Increase in the use of Arabic numerals

3. Scientific method developed • Experiments with observations • Reason used to interpret observations • Math rather than logic used to prove theories

4. Copernicus • Challenged Ptolemy’s view of the geocentric universe • Used math to prove Earth turned on its axis daily and is not center of the universe • Previously all knowledge and religious teachings based on ancient philosophers logic • Some worried that to prove them wrong was to all human knowledge uncertain

5. Kepler (math – ellipse orbit) and Galileo Gallilei (telescope – planets imperfect and changing) furthered Copernicus’ theories • Galileo humiliated critics in public who then convinced the Catholic Church to condemn him and convict him as a heretic (rescinded publicly)

6. Newton and Natural Laws • Invented calculus • Law of Gravity

7. Medicine • Paracelsus – distilled liquids • Vesalius – anatomy • Pare – ointment to prevent infection instead of boiling oil • Harvey – circulatory system

8. Thinkers • Hobbes – Leviathan – without laws life would be nasty, brutish, and short • People give up their freedom to a dictator in order to have security (social contract) • People essentially bad • Can not rebel once in the social contract

9. Locke – Two Treatises on Government – agreed that government provided order and there was a social contract BUT people essentially good • Had the right to rebel if ruler a tyrant or broken the social contract • People have natural rights – life, liberty, and property • Government to protect those natural rights • Far reaching affects on America and France

10. Three views on government • Montessquieu • English government preserved “the liberty of the people” by separation of powers between Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary (idealistic) • system of checks and balances between branches • Affected US constitution

11. Voltaire • Religious toleration and freedom of thought • “I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” • liked Locke and Newton • an “enlightened monarch” was the best ruler

12. Rousseau • Human nature basically good but society corrupted people • All people equal rather than classes • Admired “natural savage” free from the influences of civilization but realized that to return to a natural state was impossible • Social contract with your community rather than the ruler – people give up freedom in favour of the majority will • Ideas permeated revolutions for centuries

13. Impact of the Enlightenment • Diderot – compiled all of the knowledge of humanity (European) into an encyclopedia which assisted the spread of enlightenment ideas and discoveries • Catholic Church tried to ban it in France but unsuccessful • Printing and discussion groups increased the spread of enlightenment ideas • (keep in mind that masses were illiterate – only middle and upper classes reading)

14. Women in Paris held salons (informal gatherings) which helped to shape manners and taste during the enlightenment • Some women even involved directly in writing and scientific work

15. Enlightened Monarchs • Used ideas to improve social and economic conditions but also to centralize their own power • Did not usually attempt to reform the social order (esp. serfdom)

16. Arts • Influenced by classical art and architecture (natural, simple and beautiful) • Music switched from ornate (Bach) to simple (Mozart) • Economy • Adam Smith writes Wealth of Nations in 1776 and believes that wealth is derived from the free choice of the people rather than the land a nation possesses.