Grade 11 Music History

1. Grade 11 Music History AMI 3M1

2. Baroque Period (1600-1750) • Social and Cultural Background • Important Musical Developments • Johann Sebastian Bach • George Friederich Handel • Antonio Vivaldi

3. Social and Cultural Background The Baroque Age • Baroque music was between 1600 and 1750 • 1600 opera began to rise in Florence • Opera was one of the main types of music formed during the Baroque Age • 1750 Bach died and therefore ended the Baroque Age

4. Science and Thought • The age of magnificence discovery and confidence • Scientific discoveries- Galileo and Kepler founded astronomy- Harvey founded circulation of blood- Newton founded the laws of physics • In 1607 the first successful opera Orfeoby Monteverdi was presented at the Court of Matuna in North Italy

5. Monarchs and Politics • The age of magnificent absolute Monarchs • Louis XIV of France the “Sun King”, he ruled from 1643-1713 • He lived in Versaille in Paris (still stands a monument of the Baroque idea of a king) • Germany had no Monarchy (remained independent) The first monarch in Germay was Fredrick the Great of Prussia. • At this time England was unstable (politically and religiously) and very little opera was written here

6. Regional Style and National Pride • Baroque age was a time of great national awareness and pride. • They tried to create national culture or regional style unlike any other The Baroque Asthetics • The excitement and magnificence - grandeur of kings, focus of man as the master of the universe, and high drama • The Baroque period was mirrored in the architecture, sculpture, and paintings

7. In Architecture • A great example of baroque architecture is St. Peter’s Church in Rome, which was designed by Michelangelo during the Renaissance period • It was made larger and more ornate to fit the new aesthetic. All the details work together to convey the notion that the king dealt with here is mightier ever than the world’s most powerful monarchs In Sculpture and Painting • They are never still; they are twisted, moving, struggling and dramatically lighted and deal with dramatic subjects • Michaelangelo was one of the most famous sculptures

8. In Church Structure • Designed to impress those observing • Dramatic versions of religious scenes painted on ceilings • Catch your attention on decorations of gold,rich textures and surfaces to have the effect of drama and excitement. In Music • There was concern for drama, it was shown in a new form Opera • Baroque period was heroic and exciting age of music that reflected excitement

9. Important Musical Developments Kapellmeister • Musicians at the time had to compete for their positions as performers in churches and courts. • The most successful were the composers who were also performers who achieved the position of Kapellmeister. • They had great power since they were responsible for all the music played in the courts - These positions were still insecure since the positions were scrambled up if the political situation changed

10. Church Musicians and Performers • Bach was a famous Church composer • The music was written for worship services/purposes and was composed of singers and instrumentals • The most successful people were Castrati’s (vocal male singers) who had surgery on their voices to stop them from changing • Composers at the time wrote music for small groups and to showcase their soloist abilities • Music was written for special occasions and performed right after the composition

11. Performers Responsibility • Composers had to write a lot of music to meet demand, (Bach would write at least one cantata per week) • Cantata: a work for soloists, chorus and orchestra 20-30 minutes long • The music was written in “shorthand” with basic specifications like the bass line, and the performers filled in the details. • Each performance was therefore different with musicians playing their own versions of one basic melody

12. Baroque Style Color: • A prominent element in the Baroque Period • Composers wrote in different styles or idioms for different voices and instruments and the violin was prominent because of its expressive quality which is similar to the human voice Dynamics: • The functions of the capabilities of baroque instruments, they did not have a great dynamic range • Changing dynamics means changing color because the only way to increase sound is to increase the number of instruments • Composers did not specify dynamics in their scores but simply wrote loud or soft

13. Rhythm and Texture • These are the most prominent elements • The prevailing texture is polyphonic, (combining several melodic lines) • In slow movements there is a combo of a prominent melody and bass line, in fast movements there are 4 or more melodic lines going at once Melody • Less prominent in Baroque music then in more recent and familiar music • Lyric melodies are absent in baroque and are more simple with strong rhythm and clever harmonic inclinations

14. Harmony and Tonality • The gradual rise of tonality was the major minor system that stayed the basic harmonic framework until the 20th century • By 1700 eight modes were reduced to major and minor and chord progression moved towards how they are today • Tonal system lasted until the 20th century Idiom and National Style • In the late Renaissance, composers began to write specifically for some instruments and by the last Baroque period national styles were clearly established also and composers could write in any of them

15. Idiom and National Style Contd. • Modern performers must be able to switch styles from Italian to French to German as readily as performers did 200 years ago Popularity • This music is more preformed now then it was before • Baroque music is being taken up by modern performers • It has been attempted in some popular styles, such as adding jazz bass and drums

16. Baroque Forms Vocal Forms • Opera: • Was one of the most important developments, it began in Florence around 1600’s • Baroque Opera is seldom performed nowadays • Cantata: • Denotes any dramatic religion’s vocal music featuring soloists and/or chorus • Later in North Germany it denoted the form written for soloists, chorus, and orchestra for Lutheran Sunday Service • Oratorio: • Developed by Handel in Latin, though more famous in English, is a work for soloists, chorus and orchestra

17. Instrumental Forms • Prelude and Fugue – a popular form for solo keyboard • Prelude/toccata – the first movement and is improvised and is filled with passage work, chromatically bold chords and dramatic effects • Fugue – the second movement and is learned (4 voices and regular structure • Trio Sonata – chamber music for more than one • Basso continuo – rhythm section made up of bass string instruments harpsichord or organ to fill in the chords

18. Fugue • Latin for “flight” or “chase” • Derived from Renaissance motet but more strict in organization • Monothematic (one theme) • Designed to work harmonically against itself and the counter subject (what the first voice plays after it presents the subject) • Exposition – opening section of a Fugue • After all the voices enter with subject a contrasting section follows called the episode

19. Fugue Continued - Episode – lighter in texture, one or more voice may rest • Expositions and Episodes alternate throughout • During the last exposition tension is usually concluded quickly

20. Johann Sebastian Bach(1685-1750) Life of Bach • Born at Eisenach in North Germany on March 21st 1685 • Was raised by his brother after his parents died • Trained for the family profession of church organist • Most important position began in 1723 and lasted until his death on January 28th 1750

21. Music of Bach • Bach wrote for an orchestra in the cothen period • Several suites and examples of the concerto grosso • He wrote sonatas and concertos for various instruments • He also wrote suites for unaccompanied violins and cellos • Bach wrote cantatas in the Weimar period • We know of 200 cantatas that he wrote in operatic style; some using chorale, in every movement and some freely composed • Also he wrote secular cantatas

22. Concerto Grosso Form • Based on the principle of contrast between two groups or sounds of different colors and dynamic levels • Two groups alternate • Small groups of soloists virtuoso levels • Larger group of journey man orchestral players • Small groups are called concertino

23. Solo Instruments • Harpsichord – Generally regulated to service as the continuo keyboard instrument, in the fifth Brandenburg Concerto the harpsichord tends to dominate • Violin – Member of solo group, Baroque violin is not like the violin today • Flute – made of wood with a few holes for fingers and none of the keys of the modern instrument, sound was soft and more mellow and less brilliant then that of the modern day flute • “Orchestra of Strings” – was made up of the violin, flute and harpsichord

24. Movements • Concerto grosso has three movements (fast slow fast) • First movement : contrast between small groups and orchestra • Second movement : Lyrical and more vocal • Third movement : fast often times a dance

25. George Fredrick Handel(1685-1759) Life of Handel • Man of huge ego and fiery temper • Specialized in instrumental music and opera • Developed in the English oratorio • Music director at the Court of George • 1710 journeyed to England and spent the rest of his life and became court composer • Music director to the Duke of Chandos

26. Handels Music • Large body of solo sonatas, concerti grossi usually for strings and ceremonial music for English Court • English Court – water music – for Kings orchestra to play as they traveled Thames on a barge • Royal fireworks – large wind ensemble to be played at a lavish outdoor gala which featured fireworks • Rarely performed • Hard to gather groups of wind instruments • People in the past were burned by fireworks

27. Operas • Handels vocal works include nearly 40 Italian operas of which Rinaldo and GulioCesare are best known • Opera was based on the solo singers • Males sang the lead roles and females sang the castrato roles Oratorios • Wrote 25 • Most frequently performed in messiah who’s “Hallelujah Chords” from the end of one section is perhaps the best known piece of Baroque music

28. Antonio Vivaldi(1678- Vivaldi’s Life • Born in 1678 • His father was a violinist at the important church of St. Mark’s in Venice • Educated for priesthood and musical career and served one year as a priest • From 1704-1740 he was the musical director at the Ospedale Della Pieta

29. Vocal Works • Vivaldi was a famous opera composerIn • Venice was the centre of opera • Like Handel, Vivaldi’s operas were written according to the conversation of the time period Instrumental • He was most known for his instrumental works • He wrote many solo concertos, solo sonatas and concerti grosso • He used the strings a lot with new techniques that were used by many composers in Italy • Usually three violins made up the small group in concerti grosso

30. The Four Seasons • Works are a combination of both solo concerto and concerto grosso • The only player designated as a soloist is a violin • One contrast that resembles Bach is the contrast between the solo material and the orchestral material • The solo violin also functions as the first violin of the orchestral sections

31. CLASSICAL PERIOD1750-1825 • Social and Cultural Background • New Musical Developments • Elements of Classical Music • Forms of Classical Music • Joseph Haydn • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

32. Social and Cultural Background • Started by Bach's sons around 1725-wanted to reject class system, and the excess of the Baroque • French Revolution: Some monarchs were there at the start, but all were gone by the 1780's -America's constitution was based on logic, reflected mindset of the time • Industrial Revolution:  This led to the rise of the middle class • Aesthetic:- ancient Greeks influenced architecture, literature, and visual arts

33. New Musical Developments • Music: was not as emotional, dramatic as the Baroque music • New Developments: new middle class provided  outlets beside the church, courts, i.e: public concerts, opera houses • Piano: had dynamic change- became more important over time than the harpsichord • Classical Orchestra: in Baroque had had two levels of written music: one for court and church musicians and one for the other professional soloists- in Classical period: virtuoso players made up whole orchestra, because of this standards for musicians increased across Europe and performance levels were raised

34. Elements of Classical Music • Texture: used Baroque contrapuntal texture to build drama and tension • Melody: rejected polyphonic because it was illogical • Rhythm: There was no drive like Baroque • Dynamics: very important for composers to use, and performers to do correctly

35. Forms of Classical Music • Symphony: 1st movement was sonata allegro form, 2nd A-B-A form, 3rd minuet and trio, and last movement was a rondo or sonata allegro like the first- minuet and trio was the remnant of the Baroque dance form, being repetitive and the least dramatic • Sonata Allegro form: Exposition has two themes, in tonic key and then a contrasting one- Development has material based on themes in Exposition, goes into new, remote areas, and ends with a dominant pedal- ends with Recapitulation made up of false recapitulation, and a return to first movement in the covered recapitulation

36. Forms of Classical Music (con’t) • Concerto: includes cadenzas-improvised solo passages- commonly composed for piano, violin but also for others such as french horn and clarinet- only 3 movements: no minuet and trio • Divertimento or Serenade:- lighter mood- used sonata-allegro and rondo forms but were loosely written movements • String Quartet:- 2 violins, viola, and cello- mini-symphonies with 4 movements- lot of creativity to compose

37. Forms of Classical Music (con’t) • Chamber Music: • Sonata:- lots of sonatas written- for piano soloists, or soloist with piano accompaniment - 3 movements like Concerto: sonata-allegro, lyric, and fast movements • Opera in the Classical period: • Many kinds: opera seria, opera buffa, and new German Singspiel- Christopher Gluck helped to reform Italian opera, wrote Orfeo- Mozart was the master of opera, mastered all forms -  even invented his own kind with the Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni, a dramma goo Asa (comic drama)

38. Joseph Hadyn(1723-1809) • Born in 1732 in a south Austrian village • Fist a part of a choir in Vienna, but his voice broke so he became a violinist • Held various court positions, including highest honor of Kappelmeister • Wrote music for princes, that were published and performed all over Europe and New York • Visited London twice where he was called a genius • Retired in Vienna, and died 1809 • Was modest, appreciative, calm, professional, used "God-given talent" these traits were common for composers in the Classical period

39. Haydn’s Music • Wrote a many of operas, that were for an aristocratic audience and lacked universal appeal • He also wrote coral and instrumental works • Wrote for the obscure baryton of the viol family • His mass music is most famous, specifically his oratorios: The Seasons, and The Creation • Famous for his 80 string quartets, and 100 symphonies

40. Haydn’s String Quartet • Basic unit was for 4 strings, though could add woodwind for a "clarinet"or "flute" quintet • Can sound bigger through wide ranges and rapid melodies, and double-stops: playing simultaneous notes on two or more strings • Performance: had to get along/work as a unit, friends, because there are so few people, some of these groups stayed together for many years (like a modern rock band)

41. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(1756-1791) • Died a young man in his prime, begging for money on the streets • Played harpsichord by age 3, composing by 5; was taught by his dad Leopoldo on violin, piano, composition • In his teen years he toured Europe, performing for nobility • Unique, musical "genius" composed entire symphonies in his mind and wrote them down later as a the last minute chore • Was not appreciated in his lifetime • Liked to party, outrageous personality due to pressure of dad in childhood

42. Mozart’s Music • Composed over 600 compositions: solos for keyboard instruments, 49 symphonies, 18 operas, 25 piano concertos, 5 violin concertos, and many serenades • Divertimento ("entertainment"), Serenade ("evening music"), and Cassation ("outdoor music”) • For court occasions, were lighter background music- mix of marches and minuets for smaller ensembles • Mozart wrote many of them including the famous EinekleineNachtmusik (a little night music)

43. Mozart’s Piano Concertos • Used legato runs, rapid passage-work, lyric melodies that require perfect control and sensitivity • Structure   • minuet not included as does not pit the soloist vssymphony • Orchestration • wind section used by Mozart to contrast with strings- with piano had endless variety • Has a double exposition, and cadenza which provides dramatic closing and solo display • They are balanced with collaborative portions

44. Mozart’s Operas • Gluck wanted realistic middle-class, upper-class division, and stock characters- focus on character, plot and music • Had exaggerations in music to match characters • Singspiel: nationalistic, German development, with spoken dialogue, believable characters • Carl Maria Weber's DerFreischutz was forerunner of Romantic opera • Mozart's have great ensembles of 5-6 people • His were The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosi fan tutte, working with Lorenzo da Ponte