550 likes | 851 Views
. ????? ??????? . ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 0 ? 180
E N D
1. ????? ????? ???????
?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ( ??? ??????? )
2. ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? 1- ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????
2- ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????
3- ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
4- ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????
3. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 0 ? 180
??? 0 ? 180
0
180
4. ????? ???????
5. ??? ???????
6.
?????? ????????
?????? ?????????
?????? ???????
??????? ??????
8. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
9. ????? ??????? ????????? 1- ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
2- ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????
3- ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????
4- ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????
10.
????? ??????? ?????????
11. 1- ???? ?????? : ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
12. 2- ???? ??? : ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????
13. 3- ?????? ????? ????????
14.
?????? ????????
?????? ?????????
?????? ???????
??????? ??????
15. ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
16.
????? ??????? ??????????
17. 1-?????? ????????? ???? ??????) ???????? ) ? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
18. 2- ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ( ???????? ) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????
19. 3- ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????
20. 4- ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????
???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
21.
?????? ????????
?????? ?????????
?????? ???????
??????? ??????
22. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ?? : ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????
? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????
23.
????? ??????? ????????
24. 1- ?????? ??????? ( gnomonic projection ) ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????
???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
25. 2- ?????? ???????? (stereographic projection) ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
26. 3- ?????? ??????? ( ???? ) ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? = 1.367 ?? ??? ?????
27. 4- ?????? ?????? ???????? ( ????? ) ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????
28.
?????? ????????
?????? ?????????
?????? ???????
??????? ??????
29. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
30.
????? ??????? ??????
31. 1- ????? ???? ( Winkls projection ) ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????
32. 2- ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????
33. 3- ???? ??????? ( ( Mercator
37. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 37.25 ??? ??????
???? ?????? ??? 31.5.22 ???? ?? ????????
41. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? UTM
42. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? Lambert ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????