Diction 正确选择词义

1. Diction正确选择词义 • Diction • Polysemy • Methods

2. Diction • Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. • Examples

3. Examples (1) • This general was charged with treason. • 这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。 • The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work. • 委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项工作。 • As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the solders charged the enemy position bravely. • 总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。 • She complained that she had been chargedtoo much. • 她抱怨说，向她收的费太高了。

4. Examples (2) • The power in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in charge. • 火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。 • This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later. • 这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。 • Having chargedthe battery, he set the engine in motion. • 电池充电后，他启动了马达。

5. Polysemy • It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings. Faith said, “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” • Eg. run ---Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (the 2nd College Edition)

6. Methods • Based on the speech of the word • Based on the context and the logical relations • Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term • collocation

7. Based on the speech of the word • Your account of what happened is not quite right. • 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。  • Goright on until you reach the church. • 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 • It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. • 我有优先通行权。 • She tried her best torighther husband from the charge of robbery. • 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。

8. Based on the context and the logical relations • Verbal context • including time context, place context, cultural background. • Eg.George passed.

9. Verbs(1) • We passed another town before daylight. • 我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。 • I used topass the whole evening that way. • 以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。 • Now the moment has passed. • 现在已经错过机会了。

10. Verbs (2) • If I kept on reading that feeling would pass. • 如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会消失。 • That vessel will soon be passing us. • 那只船就要和我们相遇了。 • We know what was passing in his mind. • 我们知道他心理在想什么。

11. Adjective(1) • It was a good dinner. • 这是一个丰盛的宴会。 • He proved to be a good listener. • 他这个人善于倾听别人说话。 • Tom must be a good football player. • 汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。

12. Adjective (2) • I can’t findgood words for it. • 我找不到合适的语言来表达。 • It was agood morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain. • 这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。 • The cheques are all good, of course. • 当然，这些支票是完全有效的。

13. Adjective (3) • Each time he gave the bartender a good tip. • 每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。 • I do not speak without good evidence. • 我不会说没有可靠根据的话。 • It was a good paper. • 这是一家声誉很高的报纸。

14. Noun(1) • We can make out the meaning of the word from thecontext. • 我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。  • We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. • 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。 • It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. • 撒哈拉悲剧正在这种情况下发生。

15. Noun (2) • We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. • 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。 • In this context, I’ve to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world. • 就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。

16. “Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.” • 合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。 • ——Jonathan Swift

17. Others • 此外，英语中有些词固定搭配相同，由于上下文不同，句意可能发生变化，必须进行逻辑判断，以求对原文词义正确理解和翻译。 • examples

18. Examples(1) • He traveled to foundling homes, prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people with extraordinary heads, and in time built up a huge catalogue of the relationship between particular mental characteristics and bumps on the skull. • 他走访了育婴堂、监狱、精神病院，去寻找头型特殊的人，同时积累起大批资料，记载特殊的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。 • I know you think I am talking nonsense, but in time you will realize that was right. • 我知道你认为我在胡说八道，但你将来终究会理解我说的话是对的。

19. Examples (2) • We have been working all day. We must have a break. • 我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。 • Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.” • 引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”

20. Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term • 任何语言都有语体之分，有文雅、通俗、粗野；还有俚语、公文语以及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻划任务性格特征。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。翻译时有五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。 • Examples

21. 词语的轻重 • shine照耀；指光的稳定发射 • glitter闪光；指光的不稳定发射 • glare耀眼；表示光的最强度 • sparkle闪烁；指发射微细的光度 • twinkle闪烁；指轻快有节奏地闪烁

22. 词义的范围和侧重不同 • agriculture指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，包括的范围最广 • farming 指农业的实践 • cultivation 指农作物的栽培技术 • agronomy指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践

23. 模拟动作情状不同 • Walk走 • Saunter悠然自得地走 • Amble从容不迫地走 • Stride 大踏步地走 • Trudge步履艰难地走 • Traipse懒散疲乏地走 • Shamble蹒跚地走 • Prance昂首阔步地走 • Scamper蹦蹦跳地走 • Clump 拖着沉重的脚步走

24. 词语的感情色彩 • to expire逝世 • to pass away去世 • to close (end) one’ s day寿终 • to breathe one’s last咽气，短气 • to go west归西天 • to pay the debt of nature了结尘缘 • to depart to the world of shadows命归黄泉 • to give up the ghost见阎王 • to kick the bucket翘辫子 • to kick up one’s heels蹬腿，翘脚 • to lay down one’s knife and fork不吃饭

25. 根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(1) • They incitedhim to go into further investigation • 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。 • The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. • 阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。

26. 根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(2) • The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. • 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。 • An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. • 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。 • An aggressiveyoung man can go far in this firm. • 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。

27. Collocation • 任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。 • examples

28. Examples (1) • That beatme. • 真把我难住了。 • We canbeat him. • 我们可以打败他。 • He was cursing to beat the band. • 他骂了个痛快淋漓。

29. Examples (2) • These constant changes in the weather beat me. • 这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。 • He can beat me in mathmatics. • 他的数学比我高明千万倍。 • It beats me how he did it. • 我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。

30. Examples (3) • The long tramp beatsme. • 长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。  • I beat the truth out of him. • 我从他那里探出了真实情况。  • They beat their swords into plowshares. • 他们化剑为犁。 • The sun continued to beaton them. • 太阳还是热得炙人。