By Chintal Desai

1. Formation of Drug Nanoparticles using Solvents, Polymers and Cellulose. Measuring Long term stability as a Function of time By Chintal Desai

2. Dr. Somenath Mitra’s Profile EDUCATION • Ph.D Analytical Chemistry, 1988, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. Advisor: Prof. John B. Phillips • M. S. Environmental Engineering, 1984, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. • B. S. Chemical Engineering, 1981, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. WORKING AS ACTING CHAIR IN DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, NJIT. RESEARCH INTEREST • Sensors and analytical instrumentation; MEMS, lab-on-a-chip, microfluidics; thin-film sensors and devices using conducting and semiconducting polymers; instrumentation/devices based on membrane separation. • Nanotechnology, carbon nanotube synthesis and functionalization. RESEARCH SCHOLARS WORKING UNDER HIM Yuhong Chen, Ornthida Sae-Khow , Chaudery Hussain, Susana Addo Ntim, Xiangxin Meng, Kenneth Gethard, Chintal Desai TOTAL 7 STUDENTS AND MORE THAN 21 STUDENTS HAVE COMPLETED THEIR Ph.D UNDER HIM

3. Chintal Desai’s Profile Eduaction • Persuing Ph.D Analytical Chemistry, NJIT, Newark, NJ. Advisor: Prof. Somenath Mitra • M. S. Analytical Chemistry, 2002 , South Gujarat University, India. • B. S. Chemistry, 2000, B. P. Baria Science College, India. Experience and something about Myself • Analytical chemist (Themis) India. • Senior Chemist (Atul Pvt. Ltd.) India. • Worked as a Volunteer for AIDS Awareness Program. • Part time Tutor in University and in Community.

4. Objective Antisolvent method is used to make nanoparticles for hydrophobic drugs. Main Goal was to use different Solvents, Polymers and Surfactants to achieve smaller particle sizes. Edible films were also made using PEO, PVP and Tween 80.

5. Antisolvent Method

6. Nanoparticles • Nanotechnology originates from the Greek word meaning “dwarf”. • The term “nanotechnology” was first used in 1974, by Norio Taniguchi • 1nm=10-9m, which is tiny, only the length of ten hydrogen atoms, or about one hundred thousandth of the width of a hair. • NP has a much grater surface area per unit mass compared with larger particles, leading to greater reactivity.

7. Nanosuspension / Colloids • In Chemistry, a suspension is a heterogenous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. e.g.(Sand in water) • A colloid is a type of mechanical mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another. (e.g.Milk) • Unlike colloids, suspensions will eventually settle . Also colloids have smaller particle size compare to Suspension.

8. Why We are making Drug nanoparticles • To improve drug bioavailability • To enhance dissolution rate for poorly water soluble drug

9. Bioavilability and hydrophobicity of drug • Bioavailability is a pharmacokinetic term that describes the rate and extent to which the active drug ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action. • Bioavailability is concerned with how quickly and how much of a drug appears in the blood after a specific dose is administered.

10. Dissolution Rate • Dissolution is a standardized method for measuring the rate of drug release from a dosage form. • Drug release in the body measured ‘in-vivo’ from plasma or urine concentrations .

12. Model Drug, Polymer and surfactant Griseofulvin (GF) Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose

13. Suspensions of GF: (a) blank containing cellulose and surfactant;(b) unstable suspension; (c) stabilized with cellulose and SDS.

14. Particle Size Distribution • The particle size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amounts of particles present, sorted according to size. PSD is also known as grain size distribution. • The method used to determine PSD is called particle size analysis, and the apparatus a particle size analyzer.

15. Particle Size Distribution of FNB/GF stabilized by HPMC and SDS (a) FNB stabilized by HPMC and SDS; (b) GF stabilized by HPMC and SDS.

16. SEM • The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons. • The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography, composition and other properties such as electrical conductivity.

17. SEM images of GF particles GF stabilized by HPMC and SDS

18. SEM images of GF- loaded polymer film Cross section Top Surface

19. Mean diameter of drug particles as a function of time GF stabilized with HEC and SDS, GF stabilized with HPMC

20. Mean Diameter as a Function of Time

21. Drug-loaded polymer films were prepared by solvent evaporation technique from polymer casting solution. Edible Film

22. Results/Conclusions Anti-solvent synthesis of nano/micro scale drug particles with simultaneous stabilization using different solvents, cellulose derivatives and a surfactant (SDS) is reported. The mean diameter of the small particles grew with time, while the overall particle size distribution showed a decrease average particle size due to sedimentation. The result showed that small particles size were achieved using DMSO as a solvent instead of Acetone or VP. The result also showed that a mixture of cellulose and SDS reduced the average particle size more effectively than either only cellulose or SDS. Scanning electron microscopy showed crystalline nature of the particles formed from this process, and Raman Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the drug molecule in these crystals.