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Reproduction

Reproduction. Humans Reproduce Sexually. Offspring carry a genetic complement from both the mother and the father Results in genetic variability which is advantageous to the species. II. Functions of the reproductive system :.

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Reproduction

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  1. Reproduction

  2. Humans Reproduce Sexually • Offspring carry a genetic complement from both the mother and the father • Results in genetic variability which is advantageous to the species

  3. II.Functions of the reproductive system: A. Produce cells capable of combining their genetic information to form a new individual

  4. B. Organs for bringing the cells close together so that they can fuse

  5. Provide a place for the new individual to develop into a viable human being D. Hormones required for coordination

  6. The Female Reproductive System I. Overview A. Main functions: • Produce a haploid female gamete (egg/ovum) • Provide a place to receive the male gamete • Provide a place for fertilization • Provide a place for growth of the offspring • Overview

  7. Female Reproductive Anatomy • A. Ovaries • 1. Two egg-shaped on each side of uterus in the pelvic abdominal cavity • a. Each measures 3 cm by 1 cm • b. Held in place by ligaments to oviduct and uterus

  8. 2. Produce eggs from follicles a. Follicles contain oocyte and follicle cells i. Born with 2 million follicles ii. Reduced to 350,000 – 400,000 at puberty iii. About 400 eggs mature during the reproductive years Animation

  9. b. Oogenesisis the process of forming an egg i. Cell that will form the egg undergoes meiosis to form two haploid (1n) cells ii. One of these develops into an egg and the other into a polar body iii. Each undergo a second division iv. Polar body forms two polar bodies while the egg forms the egg and another polar body

  10. c. OVULATION occurs when an egg bursts from an ovary Animation • 3. Produces sex hormones • a. Estrogen (from follicles) • b. Progesterone (from corpus luteum)

  11. Fallopian Tubes/Oviducts 1. Connected to uterus and lie close to ovaries 2. Lined with cilia and surrounded by circular muscles 3. Sweep up eggs from ovary using cilia lining and wafting fimbria at end of oviducts

  12. 4. Functions: a. Site of fertilization i. Sperm meets and fertilize an ovum ii. Ectopic pregnancy is any implantation outside central body of uterus iii. Tubular pregnancies occur when embryo implants in the oviduct b. Propels the egg towards the uterus

  13. C. Fimbria 1. Fingerlike projections on the tubes at the ovary end that helps catch the egg when it is release

  14. D. Uterus/Womb • Thick-walled muscular, hollow, pear-shaped organ • Size and shape of an inverted, flattened pear • Lies above and slants forward over the bladder • Can stretches from 5 cm wide to over 30 cm with a growing baby

  15. 5. Lined with a layer called the endometrium a. Endometrium is composed of: i. Connective tissue ii. Highly vascularized iii. Glands that lubricate the uterus • Endometrium has a basal layer and a functional layer that varies with the uterine cycle • Forms the placenta during pregnancy • Myometrium is a muscular layer that is used to expel the fetus when birth occurs 7. A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus 8. Uterus is the site of nurturing the developing embryo

  16. E. Cervix 1. Located at back of vaginal canal 2. Contains the entrance to the uterus 3. Functions: a. Provides a path for sperm to swim through b. Produces mucin strands to facilitate sperm movement c. Holds the fetus in the uterus d. During pregnancy, is closed off by a mucus plug

  17. F. Vagina/Birth Canal 1. Muscular tube with mucosa lining 2. Makes 45º degree angle with small of back • Leads to the exterior from the cervix

  18. 4 Functions: a. Provides a receptacle the male's penis • Vaginal walls contain tissue that is erectile and will form closely to the penis during intercourse • This close fit will cause tactile stimulation of the glans to ensure ejaculation and deposition of the sperm at the cervix b. Serves as the birth canal during childbirth

  19. G. Vulva 1. External genitals 2. Mons pubis is the fatty prominence under the pubic hair 3. Labia are the two sets of skin folds a. labia majora are the outermost pair of fat-padded skin folds b. labia minora are the smaller pair of skin folds enclosed within the labia majora

  20. H. Clitoris 1. Located above the labia minora 2. Equivalent to the glans of the penis 3. Consists of erectile tissue and has many nerves going to it • Tactile stimulation of the clitoris results in the female orgasm I. Hymen 1. A ring of tissue that may partially close the vaginal opening 2. If unbroken as a child it is broken by the first sexual intercourse

  21. H. Breasts 1. Develops under hormonal control 2. Most breast tissue in non-lactating women is adipose (fat) tissue 3. Amount of glandular tissue is about the same in all females

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