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Hydrologic Cycle

Hydrologic Cycle. Groundwater. Water, water everywhere. Oceans – 97.2% Ice – 2.15% Fresh water – 0.65%. The Hydrologic Cycle: Processes. Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Runoff Storage Infiltration. The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle. Energy for the Water Cycle. Sun Gravity.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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  1. Hydrologic Cycle Groundwater

  2. Water, water everywhere • Oceans – 97.2% • Ice – 2.15% • Fresh water – 0.65%

  3. The Hydrologic Cycle: Processes • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Runoff • Storage • Infiltration

  4. The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

  5. Energy for the Water Cycle • Sun • Gravity

  6. Related Processes • Weathering • Erosion • Delivery of sediment to the sea • Delivery of ions to the sea

  7. What factors determine whether precipitation will runoff or infiltrate? • Earth materials: permeable or not • Land use/vegetation • Slope • Degree of saturation • Duration of precipitation • Intensity of precipitation

  8. Groundwater • Precipitation infiltrates • Water resides in pore spaces or porosity • Groundwater is in communication with surface water • Exchange happens all the time • Springs bring groundwater out on the surface • Maintains stream flow without precipitation

  9. Aquifers • Any Earth material that can hold and deliver sufficient water for use is an aquifer • Aquifers have two basic properties: • Porosity - usually 5% or more • Permeability • Common aquifers: • Sand Gravel • Sandstone Limestone • Any highly fractured rock

  10. Groundwater • Water resides in zone of saturation within aquifer • Above this is the zone of aeration • Boundary is the water table • Water tables move with relative rates of recharge and discharge • Water table mimics topography – not flat!

  11. Advantages Abundant Clean – relatively free of pathogens Constant temperature More protected from contamination Disadvantages Cost to drill wells Higher TDS (“Hard water”) Contamination is difficult to discover Large volumes with low concentrations of contaminants are difficult to clean Groundwater

  12. The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

  13. Surface Water • Oceans • Rivers and streams • Lakes and ponds • Springs – groundwater becomes surface water

  14. Advantages Easily accessible Easy to recognize and treat contamination May be cheaper to produce Lower TDS (“Soft water”) Disadvantages Less abundant than groundwater Subject to climatic variations in availability Contamination is relatively easy Temperature varies greatly Surface Water

  15. Problems and concerns with surface water • Availability • Too little = drought • Too much = flood • Contamination

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