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Unit 7 Part 2 – protein synthesis

http://simplebooklet.com/userFiles/a/8/0/4/0/1/58zw61uZJ2MmlQe1qywGWW/U6ErNaAx.jpg. The summary color on the following slides is green and the underlined words are vocabulary!. Unit 7 Part 2 – protein synthesis. The central dogma.

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Unit 7 Part 2 – protein synthesis

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  1. http://simplebooklet.com/userFiles/a/8/0/4/0/1/58zw61uZJ2MmlQe1qywGWW/U6ErNaAx.jpghttp://simplebooklet.com/userFiles/a/8/0/4/0/1/58zw61uZJ2MmlQe1qywGWW/U6ErNaAx.jpg The summary color on the following slides is green and the underlined words are vocabulary! Unit 7 Part 2 – protein synthesis

  2. The central dogma • The Central Dogma of biology states that genetic information within each cell flows from: • DNA to RNA to Proteins • With the help of numerous enzymes, DNA information is translated into proteins. https://cm.jefferson.edu/learn/dna_and_rna_files/central_dogma_of_molecular_biochemistry_with_enzymes.jpg

  3. http://www.csun.edu/~cmalone/pdf360/Ch14-1gen%20code.pdf

  4. What are genes?Textbook reference pg. 288 • We know that DNA within cells iscontained within chromosomesin the nucleus. • Sections of the DNA strand code for specific information, called genes. • These genes code for proteins. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/genes.gif http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/genes.gif

  5. Proteins (polypeptides) are involved in many biological functions; EXfighting diseases (antibodies) andspeeding up chemical reactions in our body (enzymes). Proteins also make up several structures in multicellular organisms likeskin, hair, and muscles in animals, too. DNA makes the proteins that make you! Genes cont. http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2437_dna_450_v2.jpg

  6. DNA is held within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; the message of DNA is carried in RNA. RNA is single stranded, not double like DNA. There are three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA). From DNA to Rna Textbook reference pg. 288 http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/mRNA-colored.gif

  7. RNA cont. • RNA is composed of nucleotides with: • sugar called ribose • a phosphate group • and4 nitrogenous bases • Uracil • replaces Thymine • Adenine • Guanine • Cytosine http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/053/587/i02/dna-rna-structure.jpg?1370549225

  8. mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) carries a copy ofthe “message” to make proteins at the ribosomes (rRNA) of the cell. mRNA is created in the nucleus in the process called transcription (or the process of copying genetic information from DNA into mRNA). Transcriptionhappens in the nucleus. Transcription Textbook reference pg. 288 http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/mutation/nort.gif

  9. Transcription cont. • If the DNA code reads like this… • ATC-GTA-CGC-AAT-TGC • …Then the mRNA code reads like this… • UAG-CAU-GCG-UUA-ACG • The enzyme RNA polymerase separates two strands of a DNA double helix and builds a strand of RNA using RNA nucleotides. • Remember, RNA coding: • DNA: ATCG • RNA: UAG C • “U” a gansta, child” • “I wish I was adenine so I could pair with “U”

  10. Practice Transcription Practice making the complementary RNA strand using the following code. Remember: A in DNA pairs with U in RNA! Label the DNA strand and the RNA strand. A C T G A T A T T

  11. Practice Transcription A C T G A T A T T U G A C U A U A A

  12. Practice Transcription Practice making the complementary RNA strand using the following code. Remember: A in DNA pairs with U in RNA! Label the DNA strand and the RNA strand. G C A G C C A A G

  13. Practice Transcription G C A G C C A A G C G U C G G U U C

  14. Practice Transcription Practice making the complementary RNA strand using the following code. Remember: A in DNA pairs with U in RNA! Label the DNA strand and the RNA strand. C C A T A T G G C

  15. Practice Transcription C C A T A T G G C G G U A U A C C G

  16. Translation – Step 1 (The Ribosome) Textbook reference pg. 293-295 • Translationoccurswhen the cell uses the genetic information in mRNA to build proteins. • The mRNA carries the “code” (or instructions) to the ribosome [organelle in the cell which builds proteins]; the ribosome is made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). "Protein Synthesis." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. 

  17. Translation – Step 2 (Codons) • The ribosome reads mRNA three bases at a time. • Three nitrogen bases (called acodon or a triplet; EX “AUG”) code for a specific amino acid; amino acids make up proteins. • There is only one “start” codon (AUG) that can begin the process [the amino acid, methionine]. • UAA, UAG and UGA are 3 stop codons and signal the ribosome that the protein is complete. "Protein Synthesis." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. 

  18. Translation – Step 3 (tRansfer RNA) • Based on the mRNA code, transfer RNA(tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome. • It is a single strand of RNA that loops back on itself. • On one end, a three letter anticodonthat matches the mRNA • The other end, an amino acid

  19. "Elongation of Translation." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. 

  20. Translation – Step 4 (Elongation) • During elongation, • tRNA adds amino acids to the A [attachment] site • peptide bonds link those amino acids together • mRNA slides through the ribosome to complete to the growing protein until a stop codon is read. "Messenger RNA Translation." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.

  21. Animated Protein Synthesis

  22. Copy the following diagram • Complete the missing sections [shown with question marks]. Turn and talk to your neighbor. ? ? Protein DNA mRNA ? ?

  23. Knowledge Check • The diagram shows a visual of the central dogma; the process of creating proteins from the DNA code. Translation Transcription Protein DNA mRNA Ribosome Nucleus

  24. History of amino acids • The link between amino acids and proteins was first identified by the French chemist Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin [born in 1753] . • He identified the first amino acid in 1806, asparagine, from asparagus. • Over the next 100+ years, numerous scientists [chemists, biochemists, nutritionists] indentified the 20 amino acids on earth and studied the importance of amino acids to protein production and overall health. • William Hyde Wollaston [1812] • Henri Braconnot [1820] • Sven Hedin [1895] • Albrecht Kossel [1896] • Edmund Dreschel [1899] • Emil Fischer [1899] • Frederick Gowland Hopkins [1901] • Thomas B. Osborne and Lafayette B. Mendel [1909] • William Rose [1935] http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/4897-004-98BB6704.jpg

  25. History of codons • Researchers began to see the connection between the mRNA code and each amino acid. • In 1961, Francis Crick concluded that three nucleotide bases on mRNA [a codon] code for a specific amino acid. • At the same time, Marshall W. Nirenbergand Heinrich Matthei created synthetic mRNA and identified the codon for phenylalanine (UUU), among others. • Nirenberg, Robert W. Holley, and Har G. Khorana were awarded a Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1968 forcodons and their “interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 19 Nov 2013. 

  26. Reading an amino acid chart Textbook reference pg. 292 • An amino acid chart helps to translate codons. • There are various types of charts. • For this one, find the intersection of all three nitrogen bases in the codon. • The intersection matches up to an amino acid (found on the middle boxes!). • Practice: GGA codes for….? http://bioephemera.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/image003.jpg

  27. "Genetic Code." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. 

  28. http://scienceofknowing.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/codon-chart.jpg?w=408http://scienceofknowing.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/codon-chart.jpg?w=408

  29. http://www.magrinscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/codon-chart.pnghttp://www.magrinscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/codon-chart.png

  30. Knowledge Check What determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein shown here? Discuss the role of the mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon in your answer. Turn and talk to you neighbor. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protein_primary_structure.svg/447px-Protein_primary_structure.svg.png

  31. "Transcription and the Genetic Code." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.

  32. Gene Expression Textbook reference pg. 321 • Multicellular organisms need a variety of cell types to perform specific functions for the organism; therefore, individual cells differentiate and become specialized in structure and function. • Differentiation happens due to selective gene expression – some genes are turned off, some are turned on. • Internal and external environments can influence gene expression. • EX hormones, sex • EX temperature, nutrition

  33. Gene Expression example The arctic fox only has white fur during the winter months, they have brown fur during warmer temperatures. This change in fur color is an example of controlled gene expression. Image

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