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Integrated Air Quality Management In India

BAQ-2004 AGRA. Integrated Air Quality Management In India. Dr. V. Rajagopalan Chairman. Central Pollution Control Board India. Contents. Air Quality Concerns Current Status of AQM Air Quality trends Thrust Areas Way Forward. Air Quality Concerns. METROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS

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Integrated Air Quality Management In India

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  1. BAQ-2004 AGRA Integrated Air Quality Management In India Dr. V. Rajagopalan Chairman Central Pollution Control Board India

  2. Contents Air Quality Concerns Current Status of AQM Air Quality trends Thrust Areas Way Forward

  3. Air Quality Concerns • METROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS • 53 non-attainment cities • Dominant Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Small/Medium Scale Industries, Gensets, Biomass burning, etc. • Pollutants: NOx, SPM/RSPM & CO • CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS • 24 critically polluted areas • Dominant Sources: Industries-Power Plants, Refineries, Chemical Plants, etc.) • Pollutants: NOx ,SPM/RSPM, SO2 VOCs, PAHs, etc. • RURAL AREAS • Indoor air pollution: Use of Biomass, Coal, kerosene, etc. • Outdoor air pollution: Unpaved roads, Biomass burning, Gen-sets etc. • Pollutants: SPM/RSPM, CO, etc.

  4. Current Status of AQM • Institutional Mechanism • Assessment of Air Quality • Monitoring • Emission Inventory • Source Apportionment • Air Pollution Exposure & Health Impacts • Control Strategies • City Specific AQM Action Plans

  5. Institutional Mechanism • Central Level • Ministry of Environment & Forests • Central Pollution Control Board • Environment Pollution Control Authority • Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas • Ministry of Road Transport & Highways • Other Central Ministries/Agencies • R&D Centers & other Institutions • State Level • Department of Environment • Pollution Control Board/Committees • Local Bodies/Authorities

  6. Assessment of Air Quality • Air Quality Monitoring • 295 NAMP monitoring stations • 200 (approx.) continuous monitoring stations (Industries) • Parameters monitored-SO2, NO2,SPM,RSPM, CO, Pb • Monitoring Agencies: CPCB, SPCB, Institutes, Industries • Emission Inventory • Studies confined to major industries & vehicular emissions • Source Apportionment • Kanpur & Mumbai by NEERI; Delhi, Mumbai & Kolkata by World Bank • Health Impact Study • Health impacts of CO : AIIMS • Health impacts of RSPM & other carcinogens : CNCRI • Impacts on respiratory system & lung function among Children of Delhi & Kolkata : CNCRI • Health impacts of Asbestos : ITRC • Health impacts of Lead : BARC

  7. Emission Inventory SPM LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY) [Without Control Device] SPM LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY) [With Control Device] SO2 LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY)

  8. Emission Inventory (Contd..)

  9. Control Strategies Adopted • Air Quality Standards notified (1982 & 1994) and Air Pollution Control areas declared • Emission Standards notified for Industries (, Vehicles (in-use & new), Gensets, etc. • Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline & diesel). • Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out older polluting vehicles, introduction of mass rapid transportation, etc. • Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use vehicles developed up to year 2010 • Use of Alternate fuel (CNG,LPG,Ethanol petrol, Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)

  10. No Specifications Before 1996 5 % June 1994 0.15 g/l (4 metro) April 1996 April 1995 3% in Metro cities April 2000 Jan 1997 Unleaded 4 metros Low leaded Entire Country Jan 1999 3 % in all India & 1% in Major Metros Nov. 2000 Unleaded NCR Gasoline Benzene Reduction Programme in India April. 2005 Feb 2000 3 % in all India Unleded Country April. 2010 1 % in NCT & Mumbai Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India

  11. April April6 Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj August 1997 April 1998 Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities April-2000 April 2000-04 April-2005 Sulphur 0.05% Entire Country & 0.035 (11 cities) April-2010 Sulphur 0.005% (11 cities) & 0.035% (Entire Country) Vehicle Emission Norm Schedule In India Euro-III (Country) Euro-IV (11 cities) 2010 Euro-II (Country) Euro-III (11 cities) 2005 Euro-I equivalent (Country) Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2000/01 2nd set norms notified 1996 Sulphur 0.25% Entire Country Emission norms for catalytic vehicles Sulphur 0.05% 11 cities 1995 1st set norms notified 1990 Diesel Sulphur Reduction Programme

  12. EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW (HDV)

  13. IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS ON AIR QUALITY OF DELHI (1996 Vs. 2003)

  14. Control Strategies Adopted (contd..) • CREP developed for 17 categories of industries • Specific control strategies for major industries • Initiatives for small scale sector • City specific AQM action plans

  15. Industry Specific Control Strategies • THERMAL POWER PLANT: • Ash utilization time frame laid down (26% utilization) • Enforcement of PM Emission Standards (70% compliant) • Mandatory use of beneficiated coal • Promotion of clean coal technologies. (FBC, PFBC, IGCC, etc.) • Tall stack dispersion

  16. Air Pollution Due to Use of Coal in Thermal Power Plants Source: CEA/NTPC Use of clean coal technologies (Super Critical ,IGCC, PFBC, CFBC, etc.) to be promoted based on location specific requirements.

  17. Promotion of Use of Beneficiated Coal in Thermal Power Plants • Thermal power Plants located 1000 km from pit head shall use beneficiated/ blended coal not containing ash more than 34% ( ann. Average) w.e.f. June 2002 • 39 Plants need to use beneficiated/ blended coal • 17 plants have taken initiative • Existing coal washing capacity is 13 % of total raw coal production

  18. REVIEW OF STACK HEIGHT REGULATIONS FOR COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS • Country divided into four (04) zones based on Mixing heights. (Zone-I<200 m, Zone-II 200-250 m, Zone-III 250-300 & Zone-IV > 300m). • Proposed Minimum Stack Height Regulations  A. SO2 emission 300 kg/hr or less   H = 14 (Q)0.3 (Where = Emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr) B. SO2 emission more than 300 kg/hr H = K(Q)n ;’ k’ and ‘n’ are constants for each zone & H = physical stack height, m. ‘Q’ = Emission rate of SO2 in gm/s; H = physical stack height, m. * =effective stack height for unit size of 500/210 MW.

  19. Control Strategies And Policies Adopted • Oil Refineries • Control of SO2 emissions by using high efficiency SRU, adequate stack height & low sulphur fuels. (Mathura refinery emissions restricted to 10.8 MT/day ; Total SO2 emission 175 MT/Day from 123 MMTPA capacity) • SO2 emission standards being revised & NOx & VOC standards to be introduced • Leak Detection & Repair Programme to reduce fugitive emissions

  20. Control Strategies And Policies Adopted (Contd..) • Iron & Steel • Enforcement of emission standards (98% compliant). • 63% reduction in PM emissions • Emissions Standards for fugitive visible emissions & PAHs in work zone in coke oven plant notified • Promoting clean technologies in coke oven, SMS, BF

  21. Initiatives Taken to Control Air Pollution From SSI Sector • Brick Kiln • Replacement of movable chimney by fixed chimney. (saving of coal by 10%) • Better firing and feeding practices. (saving of coal by 10%) • Use of vertical shaft brick kiln (saving of coal by 10-16% over BTK)

  22. Initiatives Taken To Control Air Pollution From SSI Sector • Cupola Furnace (Foundry) • Use of divided cold blast • Improving metal coke ratio from 5:1 to 9:1 (resulting in saving of 2.5 tonne of coke in 8 hours operation • Development of low pressure scrubbing system • Hot Mix Plant • Indirect heating of bitumen using thermic fluid to replace direct heating • STONE CRUSHER • Developing enclosure and water mist spraying system to control air pollution • Siting guidelines for stone crushers

  23. City Air Quality Action Plan • Initially 16 cities identified & then extended to 53 cities • Action Plans submitted by 35 cities • Action Plans being reviewed by MoEF,CPCB & EPCA • Guidelines issued for preparation of Action Plan: • Inter-agency Task Force to be constituted • Assessment of ambient air quality trends & impact of policy intervention • Emission Inventory & Source Apportionment studies • Road map for control of air pollution from vehicles & other sources to be incorporated

  24. City Air Quality Action Plan • ACTION PLAN FOR KOLKATA: • INDUSTRY • ESPs to be installed in 06 boilers of Cassipore power station • Stricter PM emission standards for small scale industries • Implementation of CREP recommendations • VEHICLES • Augmentation of mass transport system • Auto-Fuel Policy roadmap for vehicles to be followed • Older polluting vehicles to be phased out • 2-3 wheelers to be switched over to LPG/CNG • LPG dispensing network to be expanded

  25. Air Quality Trends SO2 Within standard in most of metro cities and showing decreasing trend NO2 Exceeding standard in few metros and showing increasing trend in some metros RSPM Exceeding standard in most metro cities but decreasing trends in most metros SPM Exceeding standard in most metros but with no definite trends CO Decreasing trend in Delhi

  26. SO2 Trends in Metro Cities (Residential Area) DELHI MUMBAI CHENNAI KOLKATA HYDERABAD AHEMADABAD AHEMADABAD HYDERABAD KOLKATA BANGALORE KANPUR PUNE * All values are in ug/m3.

  27. NO2 Trends In Metro Cities (Residential Area) DELHI MUMBAI CHENNAI AHEMADABAD HYDERABAD KOLKATA BANGALORE KANPUR PUNE * All values are in ug/m3.

  28. RSPM Trends In Metro Cities (Residential Area) MUMBAI DELHI DELHI CHENNAI CHENNAI MUMBAI AHEMADABAD KOLKATA HYDERABAD KOLKATA HYDERABAD AHEMADABAD BANGALORE PUNE PUNE KANPUR BANGALORE KANPUR * All values are in ug/m3.

  29. 2000 2001 2002 2003 45 40 40 35 35 28 30 26 26 25 21 25 25 21 20 14 13 15 11 10 5 0 Residential Area Industrial Area Traffic Intersection Benzene Concentration in Ambient Air of Delhi

  30. PERCENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES TO AMBIENT PM2.5 SOURCE: ESMAP-2004.

  31. Cl SO4 4% 10% NO3 Others 9% 49% NH4 8% K 1% Organic Elemental Carbon Carbon 13% 6% Chemical Composition of RSPM in Delhi (Ca, Mg, Sl, Al, Fe, Na, Ti, Pb, Zn)

  32. 700 PM 2.5 PM 10 TSPM 589 562 600 510 500 413 Concentration (µg / m3) 400 322 307 299 292 300 229 200 153 149 137 135 128 100 46 0 February March April June July CONCENTRAION OF PM , PM TSPM IN 2003 2.5 10, DELHI (TRAFFIC INTERSECTION) Months

  33. Thrust Areas for Air Pollution Control • Review of existing air quality standards & development for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) & for PM2.5. • Toxic Emissions Standards for Pesticides, Refineries, Petrochemicals. • NOx standards for coal based TPP & Oil Refineries. • Source Apportionment Studies in six (6) Cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, & Kanpur.

  34. Thrust Areas for Air Pollution Control • Fuel Quality monitoring/surveillance • Introduction of I&M System for in-use vehicles • Health Impact Studies & Cost Benefit Analysis • On-line (Air Quality & Stack Monitoring) Data Transmission Networks • Setting up Regional Calibration Laboratories

  35. Way Forward • Health impact studies-greater use in planning policy interventions • Market Based Instruments & cost benefit analysis • HAPs monitoring in industrial areas • Comprehensive source apportionment studies • Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies & Alternate Fuels • Public Private Partnerships in AQM • Land Use Planning

  36. THANK YOU

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