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DNA Technology: Gel Electrophoresis, Genetic Engineering, and More

Explore the world of DNA technology, including gel electrophoresis, genetic engineering, and the applications of recombinant DNA. Learn about tools like restriction enzymes and PCR, and discover the potential of transgenic organisms and gene therapy. Dive into the fascinating field of genomics and the study of the human genome.

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DNA Technology: Gel Electrophoresis, Genetic Engineering, and More

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  1. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Genetic Engineering

  2. Genetics and Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis • Anelectric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. • When an electric current is applied, the negatively charged DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. • The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

  3. Gel Electrophoresis

  4. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools • Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

  5. Genetics and Biotechnology Restriction Enzymes • EcoRI-Restriction enzymespecifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. • The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends • DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes can pair up and join with any other DNA fragments cut by the same enzyme

  6. Genetics and Biotechnology Recombinant DNA • The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

  7. Applications of recombinant DNA • Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics • Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides • Animals: replacement of genes which cause disorders (gene therapy); cows could produce medicine in milk

  8. Genetics and Biotechnology Transformation • Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

  9. Cloning Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

  10. Dolly –1st clone

  11. Genetics and Biotechnology PCR • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) atechnique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold. • The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA. • Used in genetic fingerprinting

  12. Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms Biotechnology • Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

  13. Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Animals • Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. • Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

  14. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Plants • Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. • Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest. • Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

  15. A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome • Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. • Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

  16. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology

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