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Properties of the Periodic Table Families. Chemistry Fall 2009. Octet Rule. Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share e- in order to get a full set of 8 valence e- Useful for determining the type of ions likely to form
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Properties of the Periodic Table Families Chemistry Fall 2009
Octet Rule • Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share e- in order to get a full set of 8 valence e- • Useful for determining the type of ions likely to form • Elements on the right side of the periodic table tend to gain e-; forming negative ions • Elements on the left side of the periodic table tend to lose e- and form positive ions • Why do elements on the right side gain e – and elements on the left side lose e-?
Alkali metals Easily lose a valence e- and form a ion with a +1 charge Soft enough to cut with a knife Highly reactive – too reactive to be found free in nature; good conductors of heat and electricity Example: NaCl in salt water Family 1A
Lightest alkali metal Found in water, soil, and rocks Least reactive of alkali metals Compounds of lithium found in batteries and dehumidifiers Used to strengthen glass and treat bipolar disorders Family 1A - Lithium
Placed in 1A because it has 1 valence e- H shares many properties with nonmetals and metals Highly reactive http://www.open2.net/sciencetechnologynature/worldaroundus/akalimetals.html Hydrogen
Form compounds with oxygen called “oxides” Shiny solids that are harder than alkali metals Lose 2 valence e- to form ions with a 2+ charge Group 2A – Alkaline Earth Metals
Found widely in nature-rocks, coral reefs Needed to maintain healthy teeth and bones Decomposition of calcium carbonate forms lime – used to manufacture steel, paper, and glass. Calcium
Abundant Can be formed into any shape Alloys are strong and lightweight Magnesium
Found in nature combined with other elements B, Al, Ga lose 3 e- to form ions with a +3 charge Thallium loses only the p valence e- to form ions with a 1+ charge Group 3A – The Boron Family
Borax comes from California’s Mojave Desert Cleaning agent and fireproof insulation Boric acid used as disinfectant and eyewash Boron nitride – 2nd hardest known material Super abrasives Boron
Most abundant metal in earth’s crust Recycling aluminum is energy efficient compared to extracting it from its ore Widely used – alum in antiperspirants and aluminum oxide in many gems Aluminum
Can form many different compounds Diamonds are hard, graphite is soft – allotrope C atoms in graphite share e- with other C atoms to form layers that slide C atoms share e- with other C atoms in diamonds to form a 3-D solid Carbon
Computer chips and solar cells Can be found in quartz crystal, sand, and glass Silicon
Abundant in the atmosphere Proteins contain N Bacteria in soil convert N from the atmosphere to nitrogen compounds that are easier to use by organisms Ammonia – colorless gas, irritating odor Nitrogen
Phosphate compounds can be found in cheese, laxatives, baking powders, flame-retardant fabric, grease remover in cleaning products Essential for plant growth (fertilizers) – can be harmful to the environment Phosphorus
A compound of Bismuth is an active ingredient in a remedy for nausea and diarrhea Bismuth
6 valence e-; tend to gain two e- to form ions with a 2- charge; can also share 2e- Ozone - unstable gas Most abundant element in Earth’s crust Forms compounds with every element except He, Ne, and Ar Oxygen
Used to make acids to be used in fertilizers, steel, paper, and paints Hydrogen sulfide used as an energy source in the ocean Hydrogen sulfide released from volcanoes Tarnish silver Sulfur
Supplements Found in eggs, fish, and grains. Works with vitamin E to prevent cell damage Used in solar cells -converts light into electricity Locoweed – toxic levels to grazing animals copiers Selenium
Form compounds with almost all metals Form ions with a 1- charge Added to toothpaste and drinking water to protect tooth enamel from decay Nonstick coating for cookware Fluorine
Highly reactive Deadly gas Compounds of chlorine are used as bleaching agents, stain removal Cl compounds are used by dentists and hydrochloric acid is used to digest food, rust removal, plastic production Chlorine
Body needs iodine to maintain a healthy thyroid gland Seafood and iodized salt are excellent sources of iodine Kills bacteria – used by campers to disinfect water Iodine
odorless and unreactive Stable Sun Lightest noble gas Used in blimps, airships, and balloons Helium
Light displays High-voltage electricity passes through the neon gas stored in a gas discharge tube, e- in the atoms become excited E- return to a lower energy state and emit bright light Neon