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Research methods

Research methods. Chapter 1. Issues with Intuition and common sense. Hindsight bias – thinking that “I knew it all along” Intuition is not accurate Overconfidence Must haves: curiosity, skepticism, and humility. Scientific Method. Theory/Question/Observation Research Hypothesis Test

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Research methods

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  1. Research methods Chapter 1

  2. Issues with Intuition and common sense • Hindsight bias – thinking that “I knew it all along” • Intuition is not accurate • Overconfidence • Must haves: curiosity, skepticism, and humility

  3. Scientific Method • Theory/Question/Observation • Research • Hypothesis • Test • Replication • Operational definitions • Results • Conclusions • Replication • Theory

  4. description • The Case Study • Focus on one individual • Naturalistic Observation • Just observing – they don’t know you’re there • The Survey • Population – group as a whole • Sample – representative of your population • Wording effects – change people’s opinion

  5. Prediction • Correlation studies • Positive (direct) correlation • +1 • As one increases, another increases • As one decreases, another decreases • Negative (inverse) correlation • -1 • As one increases, the other decreases • Correlation coefficient • Number from -1 to 1 indicating the relationship between two variables • -1 = perfect negative correlation • 0 = no correlation • 1 = perfect positive correlation

  6. Prediction • Correlation ≠ Causation • Does high academic performance cause high self-esteem? • Or does high self esteem cause high academic performance? • Or is there another factor? • Illusory Correlation • Remembering random instances and giving them more worth than they deserve Correlation studies show a POSSIBILITY of cause-effect relationships, but do not 100% prove them.

  7. Experimentation • Words to know: • Random Assignment • Double-blind • Placebo Effect • Experimental Group • Control Group • Independent Variable • What you change • Dependent Variable • What you’re measuring • Confounding Variable • Other factors that may contribute

  8. Measures of Central Tendency • Mean – watch out for skewed numbers • Median – most accurate when there are skewed numbers • Mode – easiest to find

  9. Measures of variation • Range – difference between highest and lowest • Standard Deviation – measures how much a score differs from the mean

  10. Words not in your book • Informed Consent – an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate • Debriefing – the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants • Confounding variable – the factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment • Normal curve – a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

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