Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education Salman bin Abdualaziz University

1. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education Salman bin Abdualaziz University College of Science and Humanities Dr . Amina AL-Mushhin • http://faculty.sau.edu.sa/a.almushhin

2. Lecture (1) -Definition of Biology Biology(from the Greek words bios = life and logos = science or studying). It research at the science study of living organisms in terms of Beginning structure, function, distribution, adaptation, interactions, and all vital activities, including their interactions with the surrounding environment as well as their relation to humans and the extent to which infer .

3. Life Properties- Despite the difficulty of defining life and determine their characteristics accurately, but the secret of life lies in the protoplasm living material that make up the body cells of the organism . structure which has the capacity to carry out the metabolism of catabolism and anabolism , and the all the requirements of the multiplication of the organism and the continuity and stability. Although the protoplasm consists of organic compounds the most important of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and fats, but it is characterized by life than other organic compounds have a structure and the same qualities, but non-living . Perhaps the most important characteristic of living organisms ability to conduct operations next vital :

4. 1-NutritionA vital process that enables the organism to obtain the necessary energy to carry out operations other vital . 2-Respiration Vital process by which the energy production of organic food compounds, carbohydrates, fats, proteins and by enzymes destroyed by a specialized body cells contain the object . 3-Growth and ReproductionConstitutes a total growth of the biological processes that lead to increase the size of the organism . The reproduction is increasing the number of organisms.

5. 4- Locomotion Means the ability of the organism to move from one place to anotherin the middle which they live and know the movement of virtual movement which is found in the majority of animals . And sometimes exercise some plants of this type of movement as a movement of plants insect-eaters . But this does not mean that the organisms Atmars such as the movement of virtual it lacked this feature, if we look closer under the microscope, we see the movement of organelles that are found in cells of this movement is known as cytoplasmic movement . There is also the movement of blood heart for animals and the movement of food and water in thevessel in plants .

6. 5- Response to the external effectorObject responds to external stimuli triggered passionate and this is the direction or moving away from the source and as a result of persistent exposure to this externality arises the so-called adaptation. Over time, produces the so-called evolution.

7. Biological Sciences branches EcologyMorphologyTaxonomyAnatomyHistologyCytologyGeneticsEmbryology PhysiologyAnimal BehaviourMicrobiologyParasitology PhycologyMycologyVirologyEntomologyPathologyProtozoologyOrnithologyVertebrates zoology Invertebrates zoologyMarine biologyAnimal hormones(Endocrinology)Plant hormones(Auxinology)

8. Ecology research the relation of organisms with each other and with the center where you live . Morphology research at the shape and outer structure of the organism. Taxonomy research in the classification of organisms and arranged in groups to facilitate the study and deal with them. Anatomy research at the internal structure of the organism . Histology researchat the composition and function of tissues of the organism.

9. Cytology researchin the molecular composition of cells and its biological processes. Genetics researchin the genetic material and genetic traits and how they are transmitted across generations. Embryology researchin the formation of embryos and the growth of organisms. Physiology researchat the physiology of the body of the organism. Animal Behaviour researchat animal behavior in response to external effector. Microbiology researchin the study of different microorganisms.

10. Parasitology researchat the biological characteristics and environmental of parasites and diseases caused by organisms. Phycology researchat the biological characteristics and environmental of algae and the extent to which human. Mycology researchat the biological characteristics and environmental of fungi and their relation to humans . Virology researchat the biological characteristics and environmental of viruses and diseases caused by.

11. Entomology research at the biological characteristics and environmental of insects and their relation to economic and pathological human being. Pathology researchat the causes of different diseases, and methods of treatment. Protozoology research at the biological characteristics and environmental of protozoa . Ornithology researchin the study of biological characteristics and environmental of birds.

12. Vertebrates zoology researchat the biological characteristics and environmental of vertebrate animals . Invertebrates zoology research at the biological characteristics and environmental of invertebrate animals . Marine biology research at the biological characteristics and environmentalMarine biologist . Animal hormones(Endocrinology) research at the biological characteristics of animal hormones . Plant hormones(Auxinology) research at the biological characteristics of the plant hormones.

13. Chemical basis of life 1- Organic compounds 2- Inorganic compounds 1- Organic compounds Organic compounds include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, nucleicacids and hormones All share and to contain the element carbon, which is associated with hydrogen and oxygen . 1-1 Carbohydrates Word means carbohydrate hydrolysis of carbon, which consists of basic elements combine together in a fixed rate is 1:2:1, and thus the general molecular formula for this family is (CH2O)n . Resulting combination of these elements raw materials known monosaccharides which in turn combine together to give disaccharidesand polysaccharides Summarized the function of carbohydrates in it are the first source of energy in the cell .

14. Carbohydrates monosaccharides Carbohydrates are classified into the following sections : disaccharides polysaccharides

15. - Monosaccharides Is one of the simplest kinds of sugars and sugar which consists of a certain number of carbon atoms ranging from three, as in the sugar DihydroxyacetoneOr such as four or five such as riboseor six such as glucose, fructose and galactose. the molecular formula C6H12O6 . - Disaccharides They produce for the Union of the two parts of monosaccharidesBakdan accompanied by a water molecule, including maltose and lactose, sucrose, all bearing the molecular formula C12H22O11 . - Polysaccharides Produced by the process of farm monosaccharides called polymerization process after the loss of water molecule, where the resulting complex compounds in the form of chains such as cellulose and glycogen, starch, and bear the molecular formula( C6H12O6)ⁿ.

16. Composition of disaccharides

17. 1-2 Lipids Fat consists of three basic elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in addition to the element phosphorus, and combine these elements to gether to be the so-called fatty acids which are of general formula R-COO , Which in turn combine with alcohol to be lipid Quality of which depends on the number of atoms of carbon and hydrogen in them and so know we have unsaturated fat such as vegetable oils liquid fats and saturated fat such as solid fat A fat second source of energy in the cell , Also contribute to fat in the vital building materials such as phospholipids components of the membranesAnd fat is burned in metukondria.

18. 1-3 Proteins Proteins form the basic structural material of the cells because their function is linked to growth and renewal of tissues and thus interference in the composition of various tissues in the body . as an infrastructure for the installation of some enzymes and hormones necessary for the occurrence of different biochemicalreactions in the cell . The protein is composed of four basic elements are C,N,H,O, . In addition to other secondary elements are P, S, Fe . And the resulting combination of these elements together so-called amino acids which are the basic units of composition and function in proteins . Amino acids are divided in terms of their importance to the two division basic amino acids such as : Leucine , Lycine , Methionine , Treptophaan And non-essential amino acids such as Glycine, Cysteine , Arginine , Proline.

19. 1- 4 Nucleic acids There are in nature two types of nucleic acids are (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acidand (RNA) Ribonucleic acid . DNA is composed of double helix while the RNA consists of a single strand and thus the first (DNA) molecule with a weight than the second (RNA) . 1- 5 Vitamins Vitamins are classified with the secondary nutrients which are not possessenergy are not manufactured in the body, but they affect the metabolism of food and help protect the body from certain diseases.

21. 2- Inorganic compounds Include inorganic compounds on the chemical elements, including oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen carbon and other chemical elements . Constitutes the bulk water from the bodies of living organisms and the proportionof water in the human body is between 20% in the bone to 85% in the cells of the brain . Water and is characterized by physical attributes are very important for the system Dynamic property of cohesion and adhesion and surface tension and Osmotic pressure in addition to high quality temperature . In addition, he is a good solvent for salts and organic compounds Where a compromise of the transfer . As for the chemical elements where the only item on the definition of material that can not be analyzed into simpler substance by chemical reaction . It contains a universe of 92 element vary from Lenienthydrogen to uranium heavily addition to the 17element manufactured possible atomic interactions and thus a total of 109 elements .

22. Cells and Tissues - Cells : Cell is a unit of the basic structure and function in the body of the organism . Divided cells in general to Prokaryotes and where the internal structures is distinct within its own membranes, including cells of bacteria and blue-green algae . And Eukaryotes, and are distinct internal structures within the membrane of each particularinclude all types of cells .

23. Cellular structure: 1- Cell wall (plant cells only): • Is a wall of protective material consists of cellulose private parts. • Summarized the functions of the cell wall to protect the cell and give it form the hard. . 2-Cell membrane: • A cell membrane the outer perimeter of all cells. • And cell membrane function is to regulate the passage of water inside and outside the cell . 3- Endoplasmic reticulum: Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane tube and put a dent in the spread cytoplasm form of a reticulum connected from the outside with the cellmembrane and the inside with the nuclear membrane .

24. Endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two : A- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: Do not carry Ribosomes Contribute to the transfer of materials and building of fatty. B- Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Bear Ribosomes 4- Ribosomes : • Ribosomes are packets of RNA and protein. • They are the site of protein synthesis. 5- Golgi apparatus: Is a device that works on the concentration of cell secretions in the form of granules or drops suitable for storage within the cell or for export within. 6- Mitochondria: • Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to work • Mitochondria have double membrane. • The outer membrane is fairly smooth. • But the inner membrane is highly convoluted

25. 7- Plastids: • Are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae • Plastids often contain pigments .used in photosynthesis • Represents the center of the building in the cell and the production of food compounds 8- Cytplasm : • Is the basic material protoplasm in prootoblast They are found outside the nucleus and lies there all the cell organelles . 9- Vacuoles : • Membrane structures in the form of bags and vesicles containing liquid or juice made from organic materials and inorganic But if the contractile vacuole working to get rid of excess waste or foodvacuoleis working to store food • Animal cells contain a few very small these vacuoles or Athtweaat all while the plant cells contain a large vacuoles to increase in size increase of cell maturation .

26. 10- Nucleus • Installation of cellular circular shape is the center of the cell nucleus to control various biological activities . • It is structurally composed the nucleus of the nuclear membrane and nucleolus, nuclear plasma and chromatin reticulum . • Nuclear membrane is usually double and works to protect the internal parts and peppered with multiple openings to help the passage of materials to and from the nucleus . Nucleolus is composed of protein and RNA . It is responsible for making t-RNA. • nuclear plasma A transparent liquid and dense textures • chromatin reticulum of reticulumfilaments of high • consists of chromatin material of (DNA35%+RNA5%+Protein 60%) .

27. Plant Cell

28. Animal Cell

29. Tissues :- MeristematicTissues This tissue is composed of relatively small cells with thin walls and large nuclei and small vacuoles . The main function of division and growth . Confined to the production of new cells in certain areas of the plant known of the Apical meristems and that are present in the tops of the roots and stems .

30. Apical meristem in stem Apical meristem in root

31. Permanent Tissues

32. -Epidermis is the outer layer of cells of the body in plant Found in leaves, stems and roots . - Paranchyma tissue His function the production and storage . - Collenchyma tissue His function the mainstay and production . - Sclerenchyma tissue His function the only mainstay . - Xylem tissue His function the transporting of water and salts and the mainstay of the plant . phleom tissue - His function the transporting food to various parts of the plant .

33. Main roads of Genetics: Structure of the gene: DNA is formed of double helix according to Watson and Kreig model. Nucleotides are the structural unit of DNA. Every nucleotide consists of: 1- Deoxyribose sugar 2- Phosphate group 3- Nitrogenous base

34. The nitrogenous bases are of two types: Purines (Adenine A or Guanine G) Pyrimidines (Cytosine C, Thyamine T) Adenine and Thyamine are connected by 2 hydrogen bonds A T Cytosine and Guanine are connected by 3 hydrogen bonds C G

35. Double helix DNA wrapes around proteins nucleosomes Chromosome consists of 2 chromatids The genetic material (DNA) is found inside the nucleus. DNA wraps around Protein to form nucleosomes which is the structural unit of chromosomes.

36. Cell spend most of their lives in interphase. Interphase includes 3 stages: 1-G1 (Gap 1) Cell growing 2- S (synthesis) DNA duplication 3- G2 (Gap2) Cell growing and preparation of next cellular division.

37. The cell undergoes 2 types of divisions 1- Mitosis 2- Meiosis Mitosis ► Mitosis occurs in somatic cells. ► It leads to the growth of living organisms. ► It involves one nuclear division ► It results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells ► Both daughter cells are diploid (2n)

38. Mitosis includes 4 stages: 1- Prophase 2- Metaphase 3- Anaphase 4- Telophase

39. 1- Prophase: - Chromosomes condenses and become visible. - Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids. - Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears. - Spindle fibers extends between the 2 centrioles at the opposite poles of the cell. Late Prophase Early Prophase

40. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell Early Anaphase Late Anaphase

41. 4- Telophase: - Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform. - Spindle fibers disappears - Chromosomes becomes long thin filaments (chromatin) Daughter Cells Telophase

42. Plant Mitosis -- Review

43. Meiosis: ► Meiosis occurs in sex cells. ► It leads to the production of sexual gametes. ► It involves 2 nuclear division. (Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2) ► It results in 4 daughter cells ► daughter cells are haploid (n) i.e containing half the number of parent cell.

44. Each meiotic division includes 4 stages: Meiosis 1 - Prophase 1 - Metaphase1 - Anaphase 1 - Telophase 1 Meiosis 2 - Prophase 2 - Metaphase 2 - Anaphase 2 - Telophase 2

45. Prophase 1 ►Chromosomes condense and become visible. ► Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear. ► Chromosomes forms homologous pairs (tetrads) where synapsis occurs followed by crossing over. ► Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell where spindle fibers extend across the cell.

46. Metaphase 1 Homologous pairs of chromosomes (Tetrads) line up along the equator and attached to the spindle fibers by centromeres.

47. Anaphase 1 Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

48. Telophase 1 • - Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform. • Spindle fibers disappear. • Cytokinesis occurs. • - Result in 2 daughter cells each containing one of the homologus pairs of chromosomes (haploid n).

49. Prophase 2 ►Chromosomes condense and become visible as two chromatids join at centromere. ► Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear. ► Centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell to extend spindle fibers across the cell.

50. Metaphase 2 Chromosomes (2 sister chromatids) line up along the equator. Sister chromatids