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Reproduction Review

Reproduction Review. Hormones . Secreted from anterior pituitary FSH and LH Bind to receptors located on the membrane of follicle cells FSH Development of oocyte in the follicle ( ovary) Thickening of follicle wall Secretion of follicular fluid Secretion of estrogen by follicle wall.

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Reproduction Review

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  1. Reproduction Review

  2. Hormones • Secreted from anterior pituitary • FSH and LH • Bind to receptors located on the membrane of follicle cells • FSH • Development of oocyte in the follicle ( ovary) • Thickening of follicle wall • Secretion of follicular fluid • Secretion of estrogen by follicle wall

  3. More hormones • LH • Completion of meiosis in oocyte • Partial digestion of the follicle wall allowing it to burst open (ovulation) • Ovarian Hormones • Estrogen • Thickening of endometrium • Blood vessel growth in endometrium • Increase in FSH receptors in follicle • Inhibition of FSH secretion and stimulation of LH secretion when estrogen levels are high.

  4. Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle in human females. (Total 8 marks)

  5. FSH stimulates the development of follicles;FSH stimulates estrogen secretion (by the developing follicle);estrogen stimulates the repair of the uterus lining;estrogen stimulates LH secretion;LH causes ovulation;LH causes the development of the corpus luteum;LH causes secretion of progesterone;progesterone causes thickening of the uterus lining / prepares uterine lining for implantation;progesterone / estrogen inhibits the secretion of LH / FSH;falling progesterone levels at the end of the cycle allow FSH production / menstruation;feedback control; 8 max

  6. Hormones • Progesterone • Maintenance of thickening of the endometrium with many blood vessels • Inhibition of FSH and LH secretion

  7. Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF). (Total 6 marks)

  8. (IVF) is fertilization outside body / "in glass";(drug) stops normal menstrual cycle;(inject FSH) to stimulate ovaries / stimulate production of eggs;(HCG) matures the follicles;eggs are removed from follicles / ovaries / mother;male provides sperm / sperm donor;washing / capacitation of sperm;eggs are mixed with sperm;2–3 embryos are implanted into uterus;pregnancy test is done to see if implantation / pregnancy has occurred; • [6]

  9. Discuss the ethical issues of in vitrofertilisation (IVF) in humans. (8)

  10. Arguments against (IVF):fertilized egg has potential to become a person / some view a fertilizedegg as having special status;IVF requires the production of multiple embryos;fate of extra embryos is ethical concern;ethics of long-term storage;stem-cell research is blurring issue as other cells now have the possibility of becoming a person;procedure may result in multi-embryo pregnancy which places stresson the family resources / unwanted children;issues of equity of access / expensive;high rates of failure;ownership / responsibility for stored embryos an issue;religious opposition / playing God;

  11. Arguments favouring (IVF):only way some couples can have children / helps infertile couples;allows for genetic screening;allows for surrogate mothers; 8 maxFor full marks at least two of the points should include the counter-argument,otherwise [6 max].

  12. Spermatogenesis

  13. Oogensis

  14. Describe the structure and function of the placenta. (Total 6 marks)

  15. structure: [3 max] • placenta is composed of fetal and maternal tissues;villi increase surface area;vascularization / capillaries within placental villi;intervillous spaces through which maternal blood flows; • function: [4 max] • secretes estrogen to maintain uterine lining;secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining;gas / nutrient exchange for fetus;removes waste products;acquiring passive immunity / antibodies cross placenta;secretes HCG; • [6]

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