Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise

1. Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise

2. Reasons for Westward Movement • Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands • William Henry Harrison in Indiana territory • Andrew Jackson in Florida and South • Economic pressures • Northeast • The embargo & the war caused people to move • South • Need for new land (tobacco farmers) • Improved transportation • New roads & canals, steamboats & railroads • Immigrants • Europeans attracted to America by speculators

3. Western state issues • Cheap money—easy money from state banks • Cheap land from the government • Improved transportation • Slavery • Southern settlers wanted the spread of slavery • Northern settlers had no use for slavery

4. Missouri Compromise • 1819—11 slave states, 11 free states • Missouri applied for statehood • Slave territory • Tallmadge amendment—Rep. James Tallmadge, NY • Prohibit further introduction of slaves into MO • Children of MO slaves emancipated at 25 • Defeated in Senate by enraged southerners

5. Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay won support for 3 bills • Missouri admitted as slave state • Maine admitted as free state • Remainder of Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30’ no slavery • Missouri Compromise would keep balance for 30 years • America was torn between sectionalism and nationalism

6. Foreign Affairs: Great Britain • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) • agreed to limit naval armament on Great Lakes • Treaty of 1818 • Shared fishing rights off coast of Newfoundland • Joint occupation of Oregon Territory for 10 years • Set northern limits of Louisiana Territory at 49th parallel

7. Foreign Affairs: Florida • Seminoles, runaway slaves, & white outlaws conducted raids from Florida into U.S. territory • President Monroe sent Gen. Andrew Jackson to stop raids (1818) • Jackson went beyond his instructions • Destroyed Seminole villages • Hanged Seminole chiefs • Captured Pensacola & drove out Spanish governor

8. Foreign Affairs: Florida • Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) • Spain worried U.S. would take Florida by force • Made treaty with U.S. • U.S. received Florida & Spanish claims in the Oregon Territory • U.S. agreed to assume $5 million in claims against Spain & give up claims to Texas

9. The Monroe Doctrine • The U.S. & Britain were nervous about the restoration of monarchies in Europe & their interests in the western hemisphere • Spain in South America, Russia in Alaska • British Foreign Secretary George Channing suggested a joint Anglo-American warning to European powers • Pres. Monroe liked the idea but was dissuaded by his Sec. of State John Q. Adams • Adams felt it better if the U.S. acted alone

10. The Monroe DoctrineDecember 2, 1823 • “as a principle in which the rights and interests of the U.S. are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” • From Monroe’s annual message to Congress

11. Monroe Doctrine • Impact • Applauded by American public but soon forgotten • Britain was annoyed that it also applied to them • European monarchs were angry but could do nothing about it • It would become more significant in the future